12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate
Names
	IUPAC name (1aR,1bS,4aR,7aS,7bS,8R,9R,9aS)-9a-(acetyloxy)-4a,7b-dihydroxy-3-(hydroxymethyl)-1,1,6,8-tetramethyl-5-oxo-1a,1b,4,4a,5,7a,7b,8,9,9a-decahydro-H-cyclopropa[3,4]benzo[1,2-e]azulen-9-yl myristate
	Other names TPA, PMA, Phorbol myristate acetate,; Tetradecanoylphorbol acetate.
Identifiers
CAS Number	16561-29-8 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image; Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:37537 ;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL279115 ;
ChemSpider	25977 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.109.485
IUPHAR/BPS	2341;
KEGG	C05151 ;
PubChem CID	27924;
UNII	NI40JAQ945 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID5023798 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C36H56O8/c1-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-29(39)43-32-24(3)35(42)27(30-33(5,6)36(30,32)44-25(4)38)20-26(22-37)21-34(41)28(35)19-23(2)31(34)40/h19-20,24,27-28,30,32,37,41-42H,7-18,21-22H2,1-6H3/t24-,27+,28-,30-,32-,34-,35-,36-/m1/s1 Key: PHEDXBVPIONUQT-RGYGYFBISA-N ; InChI=1/C36H56O8/c1-7-8-9-10-11-12-13-14-15-16-17-18-29(39)43-32-24(3)35(42)27(30-33(5,6)36(30,32)44-25(4)38)20-26(22-37)21-34(41)28(35)19-23(2)31(34)40/h19-20,24,27-28,30,32,37,41-42H,7-18,21-22H2,1-6H3/t24-,27+,28-,30-,32-,34-,35-,36-/m1/s1 Key: PHEDXBVPIONUQT-RGYGYFBIBK;
	SMILES CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[C@@H]1[C@H]([C@]2([C@@H](C=C(C[C@]3([C@H]2C=C(C3=O)C)O)CO)[C@H]4[C@@]1(C4(C)C)OC(=O)C)O)C; CCCCCCCCCCCCCC(=O)O[C@@H]2C(C)[C@]1(O)C4/C=C(/C)C(=O)[C@@]4(O)CC(\CO)=C/[C@H]1[C@H]3[C@]2(OC(C)=O)C3(C)C;
Properties
Chemical formula	C36H56O8
Molar mass	616.83 g/mol
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
	verify (what is ?)
	Infobox references

12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), also commonly known as tetradecanoylphorbol acetate, tetradecanoyl phorbol acetate, and phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), is a diester of phorbol and a potent tumor promoter often employed in biomedical research to activate the signal transduction enzyme protein kinase C (PKC).[1][2][3] The effects of TPA on PKC result from its similarity to one of the natural activators of classic PKC isoforms, diacylglycerol. TPA is a small molecule drug.

In ROS biology, superoxide was identified as the major reactive oxygen species induced by TPA/PMA but not by ionomycin in mouse macrophages.[4] Thus, TPA/PMA has been routinely used as an inducer for endogenous superoxide production.[5]

TPA is also being studied as a drug in the treatment of hematologic cancer

TPA has a specific use in cancer diagnostics as a B-cell specific mitogen in cytogenetic testing. To view the chromosomes, a cytogenetic test requires dividing cells. TPA is used to stimulate division of B-cells during cytogenetic diagnosis of B-cell cancers such as chronic lymphocytic leukemia.[6]

TPA is also commonly used together with ionomycin to stimulate T-cell activation, proliferation, and cytokine production, and is used in protocols for intracellular staining of these cytokines.[7]

TPA induces KSHV reactivation in PEL cell cultures via stimulation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) pathway. The pathway involves the activation of the early-immediate viral protein RTA that contributes to the activation of the lytic cycle.[8]

TPA was first found in the croton plant, a shrub found in Southeast Asia, exposure to which provokes a poison ivy-like rash. It underwent a phase 1 clinical trial.[9]

References

Castagna (1982). "Direct activation of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by tumor-promoting phorbol esters" (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257 (13): 7847–7851. PMID 7085651.
Blumberg (1988). "Protein kinase C as the receptor for the phorbol ester tumor promoters: sixth Rhoads memorial award lecture". Cancer Research. 48 (1): 1–8. PMID 3275491.
Niedel (1983). "Phorbol Diester Receptor Copurifies with Protein Kinase C". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 80 (1): 36–40. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80...36N. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.1.36. PMC 393304. PMID 6296873.
Swindle (2002). "A Comparison of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Rat Peritoneal Macrophages and Mast Cells Using the Highly Sensitive Real-Time Chemiluminescent Probe Pholasin: Inhibition of Antigen-Induced Mast Cell Degranulation by Macrophage-Derived Hydrogen Peroxide" (PDF). The Journal of Immunology. 169 (10): 5866–5873. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.5866. PMID 12421969.
Huang (2014). "Megakaryocytic Differentiation of K562 Cells Induced by PMA Reduced the Activity of Respiratory Chain Complex IV". PLoS ONE. 9 (5): e96246. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996246H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096246. PMC 4015910. PMID 24817082.
The AGT cytogenetics laboratory manual. 3rd ed. Barch, Margaret J., Knutsen, Turid., Spurbeck, Jack L., eds. 1997. Lippincott-Raven.
"Flow Cytometry Intracellular Staining Guide". eBioscience, Inc. Retrieved 2011-09-25.
Cohen, Adina; Brodie, Chaya; Sarid, Ronit (April 2006). "An essential role of ERK signalling in TPA-induced reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus". The Journal of General Virology. 87 (Pt 4): 795–802. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.321.5484. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81619-0. PMID 16528027.
Schaar, Dale; Goodell, Lauri; Aisner, Joseph; Cui, Xiao Xing; Han, Zheng Tao; Chang, Richard; Martin, John; Grospe, Stephanie; Dudek, Liesel; Riley, Joan; Manago, Jacqueline; Lin, Yong; Rubin, Eric H.; Conney, Allan; Strair, Roger K. (June 2006). "A phase I clinical trial of 12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate for patients with relapsed/refractory malignancies". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 57 (6): 789–795. doi:10.1007/s00280-005-0125-1. ISSN 1432-0843.

External links

Tetradecanoylphorbol+Acetate at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
"NCI Dictionary Entry". Retrieved 2005-07-02.
"Phase 1 Clinical Trials". Retrieved 2005-07-02.

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[1] Castagna (1982). "Direct activation of calcium-activated, phospholipid-dependent protein kinase by tumor-promoting phorbol esters" (PDF). Journal of Biological Chemistry. 257 (13): 7847–7851. PMID 7085651.

[2] Blumberg (1988). "Protein kinase C as the receptor for the phorbol ester tumor promoters: sixth Rhoads memorial award lecture". Cancer Research. 48 (1): 1–8. PMID 3275491.

[3] Niedel (1983). "Phorbol Diester Receptor Copurifies with Protein Kinase C". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 80 (1): 36–40. Bibcode:1983PNAS...80...36N. doi:10.1073/pnas.80.1.36. PMC 393304. PMID 6296873.

[4] Swindle (2002). "A Comparison of Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Rat Peritoneal Macrophages and Mast Cells Using the Highly Sensitive Real-Time Chemiluminescent Probe Pholasin: Inhibition of Antigen-Induced Mast Cell Degranulation by Macrophage-Derived Hydrogen Peroxide" (PDF). The Journal of Immunology. 169 (10): 5866–5873. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.169.10.5866. PMID 12421969.

[5] Huang (2014). "Megakaryocytic Differentiation of K562 Cells Induced by PMA Reduced the Activity of Respiratory Chain Complex IV". PLoS ONE. 9 (5): e96246. Bibcode:2014PLoSO...996246H. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0096246. PMC 4015910. PMID 24817082.

[6] The AGT cytogenetics laboratory manual. 3rd ed. Barch, Margaret J., Knutsen, Turid., Spurbeck, Jack L., eds. 1997. Lippincott-Raven.

[urlFlow_Cytometry_Intracellular_Staining_Guide-7] "Flow Cytometry Intracellular Staining Guide". eBioscience, Inc. Retrieved 2011-09-25.

[8] Cohen, Adina; Brodie, Chaya; Sarid, Ronit (April 2006). "An essential role of ERK signalling in TPA-induced reactivation of Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus". The Journal of General Virology. 87 (Pt 4): 795–802. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.321.5484. doi:10.1099/vir.0.81619-0. PMID 16528027.

[9] Schaar, Dale; Goodell, Lauri; Aisner, Joseph; Cui, Xiao Xing; Han, Zheng Tao; Chang, Richard; Martin, John; Grospe, Stephanie; Dudek, Liesel; Riley, Joan; Manago, Jacqueline; Lin, Yong; Rubin, Eric H.; Conney, Allan; Strair, Roger K. (June 2006). "A phase I clinical trial of 12- O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate for patients with relapsed/refractory malignancies". Cancer Chemotherapy and Pharmacology. 57 (6): 789–795. doi:10.1007/s00280-005-0125-1. ISSN 1432-0843.