1934
1934 (MCMXXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 1934th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 934th year of the 2nd millennium, the 34th year of the 20th century, and the 5th year of the 1930s decade.
| Millennium: | 2nd millennium |
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| 1934 by topic |
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| Subject |
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| By country |
| Lists of leaders |
| Birth and death categories |
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| Establishments and disestablishments categories |
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| Works category |
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| Gregorian calendar | 1934 MCMXXXIV |
| Ab urbe condita | 2687 |
| Armenian calendar | 1383 ԹՎ ՌՅՁԳ |
| Assyrian calendar | 6684 |
| Bahá'í calendar | 90–91 |
| Balinese saka calendar | 1855–1856 |
| Bengali calendar | 1341 |
| Berber calendar | 2884 |
| British Regnal year | 24 Geo. 5 – 25 Geo. 5 |
| Buddhist calendar | 2478 |
| Burmese calendar | 1296 |
| Byzantine calendar | 7442–7443 |
| Chinese calendar | 癸酉年 (Water Rooster) 4630 or 4570 — to — 甲戌年 (Wood Dog) 4631 or 4571 |
| Coptic calendar | 1650–1651 |
| Discordian calendar | 3100 |
| Ethiopian calendar | 1926–1927 |
| Hebrew calendar | 5694–5695 |
| Hindu calendars | |
| - Vikram Samvat | 1990–1991 |
| - Shaka Samvat | 1855–1856 |
| - Kali Yuga | 5034–5035 |
| Holocene calendar | 11934 |
| Igbo calendar | 934–935 |
| Iranian calendar | 1312–1313 |
| Islamic calendar | 1352–1353 |
| Japanese calendar | Shōwa 9 (昭和９年) |
| Javanese calendar | 1864–1865 |
| Juche calendar | 23 |
| Julian calendar | Gregorian minus 13 days |
| Korean calendar | 4267 |
| Minguo calendar | ROC 23 民國23年 |
| Nanakshahi calendar | 466 |
| Thai solar calendar | 2476–2477 |
| Tibetan calendar | 阴水鸡年 (female Water-Rooster) 2060 or 1679 or 907 — to — 阳木狗年 (male Wood-Dog) 2061 or 1680 or 908 |
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Events
January
- January 1 – The International Telecommunication Union, a specialist agency of the United Nations, is established.[1]
- January 7 – The Flash Gordon comic strip is first published in the United States.[2]
- January 15 – The 8.0 Mw Nepal–Bihar earthquake strikes Nepal and Bihar with a maximum Mercalli intensity of XI (Extreme), killing an estimated 6,000–10,700 people.[3]
- January 20 – Japanese company Fuji Photo Film is established.[4]
- January 26 – The 10-year German–Polish Non-Aggression Pact is signed by Nazi Germany and the Second Polish Republic.
- January 30
- In Nazi Germany, the political power of federal states such as Prussia is substantially abolished, by the "Law on the Reconstruction of the Reich" (Gesetz über den Neuaufbau des Reiches).
- Franklin D. Roosevelt, President of the United States, signs the Gold Reserve Act: all gold held in the Federal Reserve is to be surrendered to the United States Department of the Treasury; immediately following, the President raises the statutory gold price from US$20.67 per ounce to $35.
February
- February 6 – French political crisis: The French far-right leagues rally in front of the Palais Bourbon, in an attempted coup d'état against the Third Republic.[5]
- February 9
- Gaston Doumergue forms a new government in France.
- Greece, Romania, Turkey and Yugoslavia form the Balkan Pact.
- February 12 – 16 – Austrian Civil War: The Fatherland Front consolidates its power, in a series of clashes across the country.
- February 16 – The Commission of Government is sworn in, as a form of direct rule for the Dominion of Newfoundland.
- February 21 – Augusto César Sandino is assassinated in Managua, by the National Guard.
- February 23 – King Leopold III of Belgium succeeds to the throne, following the death (February 17) of his father King Albert I.
March
- March 1 – Manchuria becomes Manchukuo, following an invasion by the Japanese.
- March 3 – John Dillinger breaks out of Crown Point County Jail with a wooden gun. He crosses the state line to enter Illinois, allowing the FBI to begin hunting him.
- March 12 – Prime Minister in duties of the State Elder Konstantin Päts and General Johan Laidoner stage a coup in Estonia, to neutralize the popular right wing Vaps Movement, starting the Era of Silence. Their actions are initially approved by the Riigikogu.
- March 13 – John Dillinger and his gang rob the First National Bank in Mason City, Iowa, stealing $52,000.
- March 20 – The Great Hakodate Fire kills at least 2,166 people in southern Hokkaido, Japan.
- March 24 – The Tydings–McDuffie Act is passed, allowing the Philippines a greater degree of self-government from the United States.
April
- April 6 – Rudyard Kipling and W. B. Yeats are awarded the Gothenburg Prize for Poetry.
- April 21 – The "surgeon's photograph" of the Loch Ness Monster, taken in Scotland by London gynaecologist Robert Kenneth Wilson and in 1994 admitted to be a hoax, is published in the Daily Mail London national newspaper.[6]
May
May 23: Bonnie and Clyde killed in a police ambush.
- May 1 – The May Constitution of 1934 heralds the beginning of the Austrofascist Federal State of Austria.
- May 5 – The first Three Stooges short, Woman Haters, is released.
- May 15 – Kārlis Ulmanis establishes an authoritarian government in Latvia.
- May 19 – Kimon Georgiev stages a coup d'état in Bulgaria.
- May 23 – American outlaws Bonnie and Clyde are ambushed and killed by police in Bienville Parish, Louisiana.
- May 28 – Near Callander, Ontario, the Dionne quintuplets are born to Oliva and Elzire Dionne, becoming the first quintuplets to survive infancy.
June
- June 9 – The Silly Symphonies animated short, The Wise Little Hen, featuring the debut of Donald Duck, is released.
- June 10 – Italy beats Czechoslovakia 2–1 after extra time, to win the 1934 World Cup, staged in Italy.
- June 12 – Political parties are banned in Bulgaria.
- June 14 – Adolf Hitler and Benito Mussolini meet for the first time, at the Venice Biennale.
- June 18 – The Indian Reorganization Act is enacted.
- June 27 – The Emir of Yemen and Ibn Saud of Saudi Arabia conclude a peace treaty.
- June 30 – July 2 – Night of the Long Knives in Germany: Nazis purge the Sturmabteilung (SA), the left-wing Strasserist faction of the Nazi Party, and prominent conservative anti-Nazis, in a series of political murders.
- June 30 – The Nazi Party SA camp Oranienburg becomes a national camp, taken over by the Schutzstaffel (SS).
July
- July 13 – Hitler gives a speech to the Reichstag, justifying his purge.
- July 15 – The American film industry begins to rigorously enforce the Motion Picture Production Code.
- July 22 – John Herbert Dillinger is shot dead by FBI agents.
- July 25 – July Putsch: Austrian Nazis assassinate chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss, during a failed coup attempt.
August
- August 2 – Adolf Hitler becomes Führer of Germany, or head of state combined with that of Chancellor, following the death of President Paul von Hindenburg.
- August 8 – The Wehrmacht swears a personal oath of loyalty to Adolf Hitler.
- August 15 – The United States Marine Corps leaves Haiti.
- August 19 – 1934 German referendum: In a referendum, 90% of the German population approves of Hitler's assumption of presidential powers, as Führer and Reichskanzler.
September
Nuremberg Rally of 1934
- September 5 – 10 – The 6th Nuremberg Rally is staged by the German Nazi Party.
- September 8 – Off the New Jersey coast, a fire aboard the passenger liner SS Morro Castle kills 134 people.
- September 15 – 1934 Australian federal election: Joseph Lyons' UAP Government is re-elected with a decreased majority, defeating the Labor Party, led by former Prime Minister James Scullin. Consequently, Lyons is forced to resume the Coalition with the Country Party, and include them in his government. Scullin steps down from the Labor leadership shortly after; he is replaced by future Prime Minister John Curtin.
- September 19
- The Soviet Union joins the League of Nations.
- Bruno Richard Hauptmann is arrested in connection with the Lindbergh kidnapping case in the U.S.
- September 21 – The Muroto typhoon in Honshū, Japan kills 3,036 people, and destroys the temple, schools, and other buildings in Osaka.
- September 22 – A gas explosion at Gresford Colliery in Wrexham, north-east Wales, kills 266 miners and rescuers.
- September 28 – Afghanistan joins the League of Nations.
October
- October 2 – A tornado in Osaka and Kyoto kills 1,660, injures 5,400, and destroys the rice harvest.
- October 6 – Events of October the 6th: the President of Catalonia, Lluís Companys, declares the Catalan State of the Spanish Federal Republic, but Spanish troops swiftly crush the Catalan forces, and arrest him and the members of the Catalan government. The autonomy of Catalonia is suspended until 1936.
- October 9 – King Alexander of Yugoslavia and French foreign minister Louis Barthou are assassinated, during the king's state visit in Marseille.
- October 16 – The Long March of the People's Liberation Army of the Communist Party of China begins.
- October 17 – Harry Pierpont is executed on the electric chair in Columbus, Ohio, for killing Sheriff Jess Sarber while breaking John Dillinger out of jail in Lima, Ohio.
- October 20 – November 3 – Charles Kingsford Smith makes the first eastward crossing of the Pacific Ocean, from his native Brisbane, Australia, to San Francisco, in Lockheed Altair Lady Southern Cross. The November 3 Hawaii–San Francisco leg is the first eastward flight from Hawaii to North America.
- October 20 – November 5 – The MacRobertson Air Race is flown from RAF Mildenhall in England to Melbourne, Australia, to celebrate the centenary of the state of Victoria. The overall winner is the British de Havilland DH.88 Comet G-ACSS Grosvenor House, flown by C. W. A. Scott and Tom Campbell Black.
November
- November 23 – An Anglo-Ethiopian boundary commission in the Ogaden discovers an Italian garrison at Walwal, which lies well within Ethiopian territory. This encounter leads to the Abyssinia Crisis.
- November 27– Daniel Salamanca Urey, President of Bolivia, is deposed in a military coup, and replaced by José Luis Tejada Sorzano.
- Lester Joseph Gillis A.K.A Baby Face Nelson fatally shot by FBI agents during a shootout called The Battle of Barrington.
December
- December 2 – The continental jazz group Quintette du Hot Club de France first performs in Paris, led by guitarist Django Reinhardt, with violinist Stéphane Grappelli.
- December 5 – Abyssinia Crisis: Ethiopian and Italian troops exchange gunfire. Reported casualties for the Ethiopians are 150, and for the Italians 50.
- December 27 – Persia becomes Iran.
- December 29 – Japan renounces the Washington Naval Treaty of 1922, and the London Naval Treaty of 1930.
Date unknown
- Winter – Tadj ol-Molouk, Empress consort of Iran, and her daughters appear publicly in Tehran without a veil, leading to its abolition in the country.
- Abidjan becomes the capital of the French colony of Ivory Coast.
- The sonoluminescence effect is discovered, at the University of Cologne.
- The Australian frontier wars end, after 146 years.
- The Yomiuri Giants, a successful professional baseball club in Japan, is founded in Tokyo.[7][8]
Births
| Births |
|---|
| January · February · March · April · May · June · July · August · September · October · November · December · Date unknown |
January
- January 4 – Rudolf Schuster, 2nd President of Slovakia
- January 5 – Eddy Pieters Graafland, Dutch football goalkeeper (d. 2020)
- January 7
- Charles Jenkins, American sprinter
- Tassos Papadopoulos, Cypriot politician, 5th President of Cyprus (d. 2008)
- January 9 – Bart Starr, American football player and coach (d. 2019)
- January 10 – Leonid Kravchuk, President of Ukraine
- January 11 – Jean Chrétien, 20th Prime Minister of Canada[9]
- January 12 – Ebrahim Nafae, Egyptian journalist (d. 2018)
- January 14
- Richard Briers, English actor (d. 2013)
- Pierre Darmon, French tennis player[10]
- January 16 – Marilyn Horne, American mezzo-soprano[11]
- January 17 – Cedar Walton, American jazz pianist (d. 2013)
- January 18 – Raymond Briggs, British writer and illustrator
- January 20 – Tom Baker, British actor
- January 21 – Ann Wedgeworth, American actress (d. 2017)
- January 22 – Bill Bixby, American actor, director (d. 1993)
- January 23 – Lou Antonio, American actor, director
- January 24
- Stanisław Grochowiak, Polish poet, dramatist (d. 1976)
- Leonard Goldberg, American film and television producer (d. 2019)
- January 26 – Bob Uecker, American baseball player, sportscaster, comedian and actor[12]
- January 27 – Édith Cresson, 89th Prime Minister of France
- January 29 – Noel Harrison, English singer, actor, and Olympic skier (d. 2013)
- January 30 – Tammy Grimes, American actress (d. 2016)
- January 31 – Eva Mozes Kor, Romanian Holocaust survivor and author (d. 2019)
February
- February 5 – Don Cherry, Canadian ice hockey commentator and sports writer
- Hank Aaron, African-American baseball player (d. 2021)
- February 7
- Eddie Fenech Adami, 10th Prime Minister of Malta and 7th President of Malta
- King Curtis, African-American saxophonist (d. 1971)
- February 10 – Fleur Adcock, New Zealand poet
- February 11
- Tina Louise, American actress (Gilligan's Island)
- Manuel Noriega, Panamanian military dictator (d. 2017)
- Mary Quant, British fashion designer
- John Surtees, British racing driver (d. 2017)
- February 12
- Anne Krueger, American economist
- Bill Russell, African-American basketball player and coach
- February 13 – George Segal, American actor
- February 14 – Florence Henderson, American actress, singer and television personality (d. 2016)
- February 15 – Niklaus Wirth, Swiss computer scientist
- February 17
- Sir Alan Bates, British actor (d. 2003)
- Barry Humphries, Australian actor, comedian
- February 18
- Anna Maria Ferrero, Italian actress (d. 2018)
- Paco Rabanne, Spanish fashion designer
- February 20 – Bobby Unser, American race car driver
- February 21 – Rue McClanahan, American actress (d. 2010)
- February 24
- Bettino Craxi, Prime Minister of Italy (d. 2000)
- Renata Scotto, Italian soprano
- Bingu wa Mutharika, Malawian President, economist (d. 2012)
- February 27 – Ralph Nader, American consumer activist, presidential candidate
March
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- March 1 – Joan Hackett, American actress (d. 1983)
- March 3 – Bobby Locke, American baseball player (d. 2020)
- March 4
- Anne Haney, American actress (d. 2001)
- Barbara McNair, African-American singer and actress (d. 2007)
- Gia Scala, British actress (d. 1972)
- March 5 – Daniel Kahneman, Israeli economist and Nobel laureate
- March 6 – Milton Diamond, American sexologist and professor of anatomy and reproductive biology[13]
- March 7 – Willard Scott, American television weather reporter (The Today Show)
- March 9
- Yuri Gagarin, Russian cosmonaut, first human in space (d. 1968)
- Joyce Van Patten, American actress
- March 14
- Eugene Cernan, American astronaut (d. 2017)
- Dionigi Tettamanzi, Italian cardinal (d. 2017)
- March 16 – Ray Hnatyshyn, Canadian statesman, 24th Governor-General of Canada (d. 2002)
- March 18 – Charley Pride, African-American country musician (d. 2020)
- March 20 – David Malouf, Australian writer
- March 21 – Al Freeman Jr., African-American actor (d. 2012)
- March 22 – Orrin Hatch, American politician
- March 23 – Ludvig Faddeev, Russian physicist and mathematician (d. 2017)
- March 25
- Johnny Burnette, American rockabilly singer, songwriter and musician (d. 1964)
- Gloria Steinem, American feminist
- March 26 – Alan Arkin, American actor
- March 27 – Arthur Mitchell, African-American ballet dancer and choreographer (d. 2018)
- March 28 – Lester R. Brown, American environmentalist
- March 30 – Hans Hollein, Austrian architect and designer
- March 31
- Richard Chamberlain, American actor
- Shirley Jones, American singer, actress and first wife of Jack Cassidy
- John D. Loudermilk, American singer-songwriter (d. 2016)
- Carlo Rubbia, Italian physicist and Nobel laureate
- Kamala Surayya, Indian English poet (d. 2009)
April
- April 1
- Jim Ed Brown, American country singer (d. 2015)
- Vladimir Posner, Russian journalist
- Pascal Rakotomavo, 10th Prime Minister of Madagascar (d. 2010)
- April 2 – Paul Cohen, American mathematician (d. 2007)
- April 3
- Pina Pellicer, Mexican actress (d. 1964)
- Pamela Allen, New Zealand writer and illustrator
- Jane Goodall, British zoologist
- April 5 – Roman Herzog, 9th President of Germany (d. 2017)
- April 6 – Anton Geesink, Dutch 10th-dan judoka (d. 2010)
- April 7 – Lev Anninsky, Russian literary critic, historian and screenwriter (d. 2019)
- April 16 – Victor "Vicar" José Arriagada Ríos, Spanish cartoonist (d. 2012)
- April 11 – Mark Strand, Canadian-born American poet (d. 2014)
- April 18 – James Drury, American actor (d. 2020)
- April 20 – John Malecela, 6th Prime Minister of Tanzania[14]
- April 24
- Jayakanthan, Tamil writer (d. 2015)
- Shirley MacLaine, American actress, dancer, writer
- April 29
- Pedro Verona Rodrigues Pires, President of Cape Verde
- Otis Rush, African-American blues guitarist and singer-songwriter (d. 2018)
May
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- May 3
- Henry Cooper, British boxer (d. 2011)
- Frankie Valli, American musician (The Four Seasons)
- May 4 – Tatiana Samoilova, Russian actress (d. 2014)
- May 9
- Alan Bennett, British playwright, screenwriter, actor, and author
- Lee Hong-koo, South Korean politician, 26th Prime Minister of South Korea
- May 10 – Gary Owens, American disc jockey, actor, and radio announcer (d. 2015)
- May 21
- Diana Der Hovanessian, Armenian-American poet, author (d. 2018)
- Bengt I. Samuelsson, Swedish biochemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine
- May 23 – Robert Moog, American inventor of the synthesizer (d. 2005)
- May 27 – Harlan Ellison, American writer (d. 2018)
- May 28 – Betty Shabazz, American educator and activist (d. 1997)
- May 29 – Grandma Lee, American stand-up comedian (d. 2020)
- May 30 – Alexei Leonov, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2019)
- May 31 – Bhagwatikumar Sharma, Indian author and journalist (d. 2018)
June
- June 1 – Pat Boone, American actor and singer[15]
- June 4 – Dame Daphne Sheldrick, Kenyan conservationist and author (d. 2018)[16]
- June 5 – Chennupati Vidya, Indian politician and social worker (d. 2018)
- June 6 – King Albert II of Belgium[17]
- June 7 – Koloa Talake, 7th Prime Minister of Tuvalu (d. 2008)
- June 9 – Jackie Wilson, African-American singer (d. 1984)[18]
- June 11 – Henrik, Prince Consort of Denmark, French-born consort of the Danish monarch (d. 2018)
- June 15
- Rubén Aguirre, Mexican actor (d. 2016)
- Stefan Kwoczała, Polish motorcycle speedway rider (d. 2019)
- June 16
- Dame Eileen Atkins, British actress
- Bill Cobbs, African-American actor
- William F. Sharpe, American economist and Nobel laureate
- June 19 – Désiré Rakotoarijaona, 4th Prime Minister of Madagascar
- June 22 – Ray Mantilla, American jazz percussionist (d. 2020)
- June 23
- Virbhadra Singh, Indian politician
- Jesse White, American educator, politician and former athlete
- June 26 – Dave Grusin, American composer, arranger, producer, and pianist
- June 27 – Ed Hobaugh, American Major League Baseball player
- June 28
- Asker Abiyev, Azerbaijani mathematician
- Bette Greene, American author (d. 2020)
- Carl Levin, United States Senator from Michigan
- Michael Artin, American mathematician
- June 29 – Susan George, American and French political, social scientist, activist and writer
- June 30
- C. N. R. Rao, Indian chemist
- Aron Tager, American actor, poet, artist and sculptor (d. 2019)
July
- July 1
- Alicia Terzian, Argentine conductor, musicologist and composer
- Ilselil Larsen, Danish actress
- Sydney Pollack, American film director (d. 2008)
- July 3 – Stefan Abadzhiev, Bulgarian football player
- July 4 – Abdul Aziz, Pakistani first-class cricketer
- July 5 – Adriana Roel, Mexican actress
- July 7
- Raphael Owor, Ugandan physician, pathologist, academic and medical researcher
- Kedarnath Singh, Indian poet (d. 2018)
- July 8
- Fred Stewart, Canadian politician
- Ole Lund, Norwegian barrister and industrial leader
- Marty Feldman, English comedy writer, comedian and actor (d. 1982)
- July 9
- Pierre Perret, French singer and composer
- Michael Graves, American architect (d. 2015)[19]
- July 10 – Jerry Nelson, American puppeteer (d. 2012)
- July 11
- Giorgio Armani, Italian fashion designer
- William Hale, American film and television director
- July 12
- Van Cliburn, American pianist (d. 2013)
- Ulf Schmidt, Swedish tennis player
- July 13
- Wole Soyinka, Nigerian writer and Nobel laureate
- Aleksei Yeliseyev, Russian cosmonaut
- July 14 – Ángel del Pozo, Spanish actor
- July 15
- Harrison Birtwistle, British composer[20]
- Frank Vargas Pazzos, commander of the Ecuadorian Air Force
- July 16
- Albert Aguayo, Canadian neurologist
- George Hilton, Uruguayan-Italian actor (d. 2019)
- July 17 – Horst Steinmann, German economist
- July 18 – Jean-Michel Sanejouand, French painter and sculptor
- July 19 – Francisco de Sá Carneiro, Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1980)
- July 22
- Louise Fletcher, American actress (One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest)
- Leon Rotman, Romanian sprint canoeist
- Oluyemi Adeniji, Nigerian career diplomat, politician (d. 2017)
- July 24 – P. S. Soosaithasan, Sri Lankan Tamil politician (d. 2017)
- July 28 – Bud Luckey, American voice actor, Pixar animator (d. 2018)
- July 30 – Bud Selig, American Major League Baseball commissioner
August
- August 2 – Valery Bykovsky, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2019)
- August 3
- Jonas Savimbi, Angolan political and rebel leader (d. 2002)
- Haystacks Calhoun, American professional wrestler (d. 1989)
- August 5 – Gay Byrne, Irish broadcaster (d. 2019)
- August 6
- Gianfrancesco Guarnieri, Italian–Brazilian actor, lyricist, poet and playwright (d. 2006)
- Edmond Simeoni, Corsican politician and nationalist (d. 2018)
- August 11 – Viktor Tolmachev, Russian engineer (d. 2018)
- August 13 – Gyoji Matsumoto, Japanese footballer (d. 2019)
- August 15
- Nino Ferrer, French singer (d. 1998)[21]
- André Bo-Boliko Lokonga, Congolese politician (d. 2018)
- August 16 – Angela Buxton, British tennis player (d. 2020)[22]
- August 17 – Ben Humphreys, Australian politician (d. 2019)
- August 18
- Ronnie Carroll, Northern Irish singer (d. 2015)
- Roberto Clemente, Puerto Rican Major League Baseball player (d. 1972)
- Gulzar, Indian film director, lyricist and poet
- August 19 – Renée Richards, American ophthalmologist and tennis player[23]
- August 20 – Armi Kuusela, Miss Universe 1952 from Finland
- August 22 – Norman Schwarzkopf, U.S. Army general (d. 2012)[24]
- August 24 – Kenny Baker, English actor (d. 2016)
- August 25
- Zilda Arns, Brazilian pediatrician, aid worker (d. 2010)
- Hsiao Teng-tzang, Taiwanese politician (d. 2017)
- Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, 4th President of Iran (d. 2017)
- August 28 – Zeng Shiqiang, Taiwanese sinologist, scholar, and writer (d. 2018)
- August 30 – Anatoly Solonitsyn, Russian actor (d. 1982)
September
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- September 1 – Léon Mébiame, Gabonese politician (d. 2015)
- September 2 – Chuck McCann, American actor and comedian (d. 2018)
- September 4
- Ronald Ludington, American figure skating coach and pair skater (d. 2020)
- Clive Granger, Welsh-born economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2009)
- Juraj Herz, Slovak film director, actor, and scenic designer (d. 2018)
- Eduard Khil, Russian baritone singer ("Trololo") (d. 2012)
- Zaid ibn Shaker, 3-time Prime Minister of Jordan (d. 2002)
- Jan Švankmajer, Czech filmmaker, artist
- Otto Brandenburg, Danish singer, actor (d. 2007)
- September 5 – Bira, Brazilian musician and guitarist (d. 2019)
- September 6 – Marshall Rosenberg, American psychologist and writer (d. 2015)
- September 7
- Sunil Gangopadhyay, Indian author and poet (d. 2012)
- Omar Karami, 29th Prime Minister of Lebanon (d. 2015)
- September 8 – Peter Maxwell Davies, English composer (d. 2016)
- September 9
- Nicholas Liverpool, Dominican lawyer, politician, and 6th President of Dominica (d. 2015)
- Waldo Machado, Brazilian footballer (d. 2019)
- September 11 – Ian Abercrombie, English-American actor (d. 2012)
- September 13 – Zbigniew Zapasiewicz, Polish actor (d. 2009)
- September 16
- Elgin Baylor, American basketball player and executive[25]
- Ronnie Drew, Irish singer with The Dubliners band (d. 2008)
- September 17 – Maureen Connolly, American tennis player (d. 1969)
- September 19 – Brian Epstein, British manager of the Beatles, co-founder of Northern Songs (d. 1967)
- September 20
- Rajinder Puri, Indian cartoonist, veteran columnist and political activist (d. 2015)
- Sophia Loren, Italian actress
- Takayuki Kubota, Japanese martial artist, founder of the Gosoku-ryu style of karate
- September 21
- Leonard Cohen, Canadian poet, novelist, singer and songwriter (d. 2016)
- David J. Thouless, Scottish-born condensed-matter physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics (d. 2019)
- María Rubio, Mexican actress (d. 2018)
- September 23 – Ahmad Shah Khan, Crown Prince of Afghanistan
- September 27 – Wilford Brimley, American actor and singer (d. 2020)
- September 28 – Brigitte Bardot, French actress, animal rights activist
- September 29 – Idowu Sofola, Nigerian jurist (d. 2018)
- September 30 – Udo Jürgens, Austrian-Swiss composer, popular music singer (d. 2014)
October
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- October 4 – Joe Williams, Cook Islands politician (d. 2020)
- October 7 – Amiri Baraka, African-American poet, playwright and activist (d. 2014)
- October 9
- Jacobo Majluta Azar, 47th President of the Dominican Republic (d. 1996)
- Harald Grønningen, Norwegian cross-country skier (d. 2016)
- Abdullah Ibrahim, South African pianist and composer
- October 12 – Abd Al-Karim Al-Iryani, Prime Minister of Yemen (d. 2015)
- October 13 – Nana Mouskouri, Greek singer
- October 17 – Rico Rodriguez, Cuban-British musician (d. 2015)
- October 18 – Inger Stevens, Swedish actress (d. 1970)
- October 19
- Glória Menezes, Brazilian actress
- Yakubu Gowon, Nigerian politician[26]
- October 20
- Empress Michiko, Empress consort of Japan
- Timothy West, English actor
- October 28 – Martin van der Borgh, Dutch cyclist (d. 2018)
- October 29 – Richard, 6th Prince of Sayn-Wittgenstein-Berleburg (d. 2017)
- October 30 – Frans Brüggen, Dutch musician (d. 2014)
- October 31 – Princess Margaretha, Mrs. Ambler, Princess of Sweden
November
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- November 1 – Umberto Agnelli, Swiss-born automobile executive (d. 2004)
- November 2 – Ken Rosewall, Australian tennis champion
- November 5 – Kira Muratova, Ukrainian film director, screenwriter and actress (d. 2018)
- November 7 – Sunanda Patnaik, Indian classical singer (d. 2020)
- November 9
- Ingvar Carlsson, twice Prime Minister of Sweden[27]
- Hamilton Green, 4th Prime Minister of Guyana[28]
- Carl Sagan, American astronomer, writer, and TV presenter (d. 1996)[29]
- Tengiz Sigua, 2nd Prime Minister of Georgia (d. 2020)
- November 11 – Elżbieta Krzesińska, Polish athlete (d. 2015)
- November 12 – Charles Manson, American cult leader and murderer (d. 2017)
- November 13 – Garry Marshall, American film producer, director and actor (d. 2016)
- November 15 – Try Sutrisno, 6th Vice President of Indonesia
- November 17 – Jim Inhofe, American politician
- November 21 – Carl-Henning Wijkmark, Swedish novelist and translator (d. 2020)
- November 23 – Lew Hoad, Australian tennis champion (d. 1994)
- November 24 – Alfred Schnittke, Volga German composer (d. 1998)
- November 30 – Lansana Conté, President of Guinea (d. 2008)
December
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- December 1 – Billy Paul, African-American singer (d. 2016)
- December 3
- Abimael Guzmán, Peruvian politician, leader of Shining Path
- Viktor Gorbatko, Russian cosmonaut (d. 2017)
- December 5 – Joan Didion, American novelist
- December 7 – Joey Powers, American singer-songwriter (d. 2017)
- December 8 – Alisa Freindlich, Soviet and Russian actress
- December 9
- Judi Dench, English actress
- Junior Wells, American harmonica player (d. 1998)
- December 10 – Howard Martin Temin, American geneticist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1994)
- December 11 – Radha Viswanathan, Indian vocalist, classical dancer (d. 2018)
- December 12 – Miguel de la Madrid, 52nd President of Mexico (d. 2012)
- December 13 – Richard D. Zanuck, American producer (d. 2012)
- December 14 – Shyam Benegal, Indian film director and screenwriter
- December 15 – Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, 6th President of Somalia (d. 2012)
- December 16 – Meng Zhizhong, Chinese engineer (d. 2019)
- December 17 – Shan Tianfang, Chinese pingshu performer (d. 2018)
- December 18
- Marc Rich, born Marcell Reich, Belgian-born commodities trader (d. 2013)
- Boris Volynov, Russian cosmonaut
- December 19
- Aki Aleong, Trinidad and Tobago-born American actor
- Pratibha Patil, President of India
- December 24 – Stjepan Mesić, 2nd President of Croatia
- December 25 – Phan Văn Khải, 5th Prime Minister of Vietnam (d. 2018)
- December 27– Larisa Latynina, Ukrainian gymnast
- December 28
- Alasdair Gray, Scottish fiction writer and artist (d. 2019)
- Maggie Smith, English actress[30]
- Yujiro Ishihara, Japanese actor (d. 1987)
- December 29 – Ed Flanders, American actor (d. 1995)
- December 30
- John Norris Bahcall, American astrophysicist (d. 2005)
- Del Shannon, American singer (Runaway) (d. 1990)
- Russ Tamblyn, American film and television actor
Date unknown
- Valerie Hart, indigenous political leader[31]
Deaths
January
- January 1 – Jakob Wassermann, German writer (b. 1873)
- January 6 – Herbert Chapman, English football manager (b. 1878)
- January 7 – Augustin Dubail, French general (b. 1851)
- January 8 – Andrei Bely, Russian writer (b. 1880)
- January 10 – Marinus van der Lubbe, Dutch communist accused of setting fire to the Reichstag (executed) (b. 1909)
- January 11 – Helen Zimmern, German-born British writer and translator (b. 1846)
- January 15 – Hermann Bahr, Austrian writer and playwright (b. 1863)
- January 16 – Henry Walter Barnett, Australian photographer and filmmaker (b. 1862)
- January 21 – Aref Qazvini, Iranian poet, lyricist and musician (b. 1882)
- January 22 – Robert Brady, American criminal (b. 1904)
- January 23 – Charles McLaren, 1st Baron Aberconway, Scottish politician and jurist (b. 1850)
- January 29 – Fritz Haber, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1868)
February
King Albert I of Belgium
- February 2 – Maria Domenica Mantovani, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed and blessed (b. 1862)[32]
- February 3 – Eleonora de Cisneros, American opera singer (b. 1878)
- February 5 – William Morris Davis, American geographer (b. 1850)
- February 9 – Claudio Williman, 20th President of Uruguay (b. 1861)
- February 13 – József Pusztai, Slovene writer, poet and journalist in Hungary (b. 1864)
- February 17 – King Albert I of Belgium (b. 1875)
- February 21 – Augusto César Sandino, Nicaraguan revolutionary and rebel (murdered) (b. 1895)
- February 23
- Sir Edward Elgar, British composer (b. 1857)
- Geevarghese Dionysius of Vattasseril, Indian Orthodox priest and saint (b. 1858)
- February 25 – John McGraw, American baseball manager and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1873)
March
- March 1
- Wilhelm Diegelmann, German actor (b. 1861)
- Charles Webster Leadbeater, British author and Theosophist (b. 1854)
- March 2 - John Smith Archibald, Canadian architect (b. 1872)
- March 7 - John Hamilton-Gordon, 1st Marquess of Aberdeen and Temair, Scottish politician, Governor General of Canada (b. 1847)
- March 14
- João do Canto e Castro, Portuguese army officer, 67th Prime Minister of Portugal and 5th President of Portugal (b. 1862)
- Prince Sixtus of Bourbon-Parma (b. 1886)
- March 15 – Davidson Black, Canadian-born paleoanthropologist (b. 1884)
- March 19 – Edward Montagu-Stuart-Wortley, British army general (b. 1857)
- March 20
- Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont, Dutch Queen and regent (b.1858)
- Sydney Deane, Australian cricketer and actor (b. 1863)
- March 21
- Nicanor Abelardo, Filipino composer (b. 1873)
- Lilyan Tashman, American actress (b. 1896)
- March 27 – Francis William Reitz, 5th president of the Orange Free State (b. 1844)
- March 28 – Mahmoud Mokhtar, Egyptian sculptor (b. 1891)
- March 29 – Otto Hermann Kahn, German-born philanthropist (b. 1867)
- March 30
- Paul Cazeneuve, French politician (b. 1852)
- Ronald Munro Ferguson, 1st Viscount Novar, Scottish politician, 8th Governor-General of Australia (b. 1860)
April
- April 7
- Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild, French socialite (b. 1864)
- Karl von Einem, German general (b. 1853)
- April 9 – Safvet-beg Basagic, Yugoslav writer (b. 1870)
- April 11
- Gerald du Maurier, British actor (b. 1873)
- John Collier, British painter (b. 1850)
- April 15 – Karl Dane, Danish actor (b. 1886)
- April 18 – Raffaele Garofalo, Italian criminologist and jurist (b. 1851)
- April 21 - Carsten Borchgrevink, Anglo-Norwegian polar explorer (b. 1864)
- April 26
- Arturs Alberings, 6th Prime Minister of Latvia (b. 1876)
- John Hamilton, Canadian gangster (b. 1899)
- April 27 – Joe Vila, American sportswriter (b. 1866)
- April 28 – Charley Patton, American Delta blues musician
- April 30 – Hugh L. Scott, Major General of the US Army (b. 1853)
May
- May 3 – William Woodin, American politician (b. 1868)
- May 12 - Gertrude Abbott (Mother Abbott), founder of the former St Margaret's Hospital in Sydney, Australia (b. 1846)
- May 17 – Cass Gilbert, American architect (b. 1859)
- May 19 – Edward William Nelson, American naturalist (b. 1855)
- May 21 – James Durkin, Canadian-born American actor (b. 1879)
- May 23
- Clyde Barrow, American outlaw, member of Barrow Gang (shot) (b. 1909)
- Bonnie Parker, American outlaw, member of Barrow Gang (shot) (b. 1910)
- May 24 – Brand Whitlock, American journalist and politician (b. 1869)
- May 25 – Gustav Holst, British composer (b. 1874)
- May 26 – Prince Alfonso, Count of Caserta (b. 1841)
- May 28 – Bela Barabas, Hungarian politician (b. 1855)
- May 30
- Tōgō Heihachirō, Japanese admiral (b. 1848)
- Julia Lopes de Almeida, Brazilian advocate and writer (b. 1862)
- May 31 – Lew Cody, American actor (b. 1884)
June
- June 8
- Dorothy Dell, American actress (b. 1915)
- Jesse Root Grant, Son of President Ulysses S. Grant (b. 1858)
- June 9 – Medeiros e Albuquerque, Brazilian poet and politician (b. 1867)
- June 10 – Frederick Delius, British composer (b. 1862)
- June 11 – Lev Vygotsky, Russian developmental psychologist (b. 1896)
- June 19 – Prince Bernhard of Lippe (b. 1872)
- June 20 – Andrew Jackson Zilker, American philanthropist (b. 1858)
- June 27 – Francesco Buhagiar, 2nd Prime Minister of Malta (b. 1876)
- June 30 – Murdered during the Night of the Long Knives:
- Fritz Gerlich, German journalist (b. 1883)
- Gustav von Kahr, German politician (b. 1862)
- Karl Ernst, Nazi SA leader in Berlin (b. 1904)
- Edmund Heines, Deputy SA leader (b. 1897)
- Gregor Strasser, German politician, early Nazi leader (b. 1892)
- Kurt von Schleicher, 23rd Chancellor of Germany (b. 1882)
July
- July 1
- Ernst Röhm, German politician, Nazi SA Leader (assassinated) (b. 1887)
- Edgar Jung, German lawyer and political activist (assassinated) (b. 1894)
- July 3
- Emma Irene Åström, Finnish teacher, Finland's first female university graduate (b. 1847)
- Duke Henry of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, Dutch prince consort (b. 1876)
- July 4
- Marie Curie, Polish-born scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry and physics (b. 1867)
- Hayim Nahman Bialik, Russian-born Jewish poet, considered Israel's national poet (b. 1873)
- July 5 – Ahmad Zaki Pasha, Egyptian philologist (b. 1867)
- July 6
- Alec B. Francis, English actor (b. 1867)
- Prince Pedro Augusto of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha (b. 1866)
- July 8 – Benjamin Baillaud, French astronomer (b. 1848)
- July 13
- Kate Sheppard, most prominent member of New Zealand Women's suffrage (b. 1848)
- Ignacio Sánchez Mejías, Spanish bullfighter (b. 1891)
- July 15
- Louis F. Gottschalk, American composer (b. 1864)
- Jules Renkin, Belgian politician and 28th Prime Minister of Belgium (b. 1862)
- July 16 – Carlo Bergamini, Italian sculptor (b. 1868)
- July 18 – Sy Sanborn, American sportswriter (b. 1866)
- July 20 – Padre Cicero, Brazilian Roman Catholic priest and reverend (b. 1844)
- July 21 – Hubert Lyautey, Marshal of France (b. 1854)
- July 22 – John Dillinger, American gangster (b. 1903)
- July 23 – María Pilar López de Maturana Ortiz de Zárate, Spanish Roman Catholic religious blessed and blessed (b. 1884)
- July 24 – Hans Hahn, Austrian mathematician (b. 1879)
- July 25
- François Coty, French perfume manufacturer (b. 1874)
- Engelbert Dollfuss, Austrian statesman and 10th Chancellor of Austria (assassinated) (b. 1892)
- Nestor Makhno, Ukrainian anarchist (b. 1888)
- July 26 – Winsor McCay, American comic creator and animator (b. 1869)
- July 27 – Hubert Lyautey, French general and colonoal administrator. (b. 1854)
- July 28
- Marie Dressler, Canadian actress (b. 1868)
- Louis Tancred, South African cricketer (b. 1876)
- Edith Yorke, British actress (b. 1867)
- July 30 – Sir Henry Norris, British politician and businessman (b. 1865)
August
- August 2 – Paul von Hindenburg, German general and politician, 2nd President of Germany (b. 1847)
- August 7 – Hermann Kusmanek von Burgneustädten, Austro-Hungarian general (b. 1860)
- August 8 – Wilbert Robinson, American baseball manager and MLB Hall of Famer (b. 1863)
- August 9 – Alfred Steux, Belgian road racing cyclist (b. 1892)
- August 10 – George Hill, American director (b. 1895)
- August 13 – Mary Hunter Austin, American writer of fiction and non-fiction (b. 1868)
- August 14 – Raymond Hood, American architect (b. 1881)
- August 23 – Homer Van Meter, American criminal and bank robber (b. 1905)
- August 27 – Linda Agostini, British-born Australian homicide victim (b. 1905)
- August 28 – Sir Edgeworth David, British-born Australian geologist and explorer (b. 1858)
September
- September 2
- Russ Columbo, American singer and actor (b. 1908)
- Alcide Nunez, American musician (b. 1884)
- September 9 – Roger Fry, British artist (b. 1866)
- September 10 – Sir George Henschel, English musician (b. 1850)
- September 13 – Serafina Astafieva, Russian ballet dancer (b. 1876)
- September 17 – George Cromwell, American politician (b. 1860)
- September 21 – Genevieve Stebbins, American author and teacher (b. 1857)
- September 22 – Charles Makley, American criminal (b. 1889)
- September 27 – Ellen Willmott, English horticulturalist (b. 1858)
October
- October 5 – Jean Vigo, French film director (b. 1905)
- October 9
- King Alexander I of Yugoslavia (b. 1888) (assassinated)
- Vlado Chernozemski, Bulgarian revolutionary leader (b. 1897)
- Saint Innocencio of Mary Immaculate, Spanish Roman Catholic priest and saint (b. 1887)
- October 12 – Willy Clarkson, British costume designer and wigmaker (b. 1861)
- October 14
- Mikhail Matyushin, Russian painter and composer (b. 1861)
- Sir Arthur Schuster, German-born British physicist (b. 1851)
- October 15 – Raymond Poincaré, 58th Prime Minister of France and 10th President of France, Leaders of World War I (b. 1860)
- October 17 – Santiago Ramón y Cajal, Spanish histologist and neuroscientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (b. 1852)
- October 19 – Alexander von Kluck, German general (b. 1846)
- October 22 – Pretty Boy Floyd, American bank robber (shot by law officers) (b. 1904)
- October 24 – Giacomo Montalto, Italian socialist leader and politician (b. 1864)
- October 29 – Lou Tellegen, Dutch actor (b. 1881)
November
- November 2 – Edmond James de Rothschild, French philanthropist (b. 1845)
- November 3 – Sir Robert McAlpine, Scottish builder (b. 1847)
- November 8 – James Mark Baldwin, American philosopher and psychologist (b. 1861)
- November 10 – Ion Farris, American politician, former Speaker of the Florida House of Representatives (b. 1878)
- November 16
- Alice Liddell, English inspiration for Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (b. 1852)
- Carl von Linde, German scientist and engineer (b. 1842)
- Georgi Todorov, Bulgarian general (b. 1858)
- November 20 – Willem de Sitter, Dutch mathematician, physicist and astronomer (b. 1872)
- November 22 – Harry Steppe, American vaudeville performer (b. 1888)
- November 24 – Jirō Tamon, Japanese general (b. 1878)
- November 27 – Baby Face Nelson, American gangster (b. 1908)
- November 30 – Hélène Boucher, French aviator (b. 1908)
December
- December 1
- Sergey Kirov, Soviet politician (b. 1886)
- Blind Blake, American blues singer (b. 1896)
- December 4 - Adrien de Gerlache, Belgian explorer (b. 1866)
- December 5 – Oskar von Hutier, German general (b. 1857)
- December 6 – Charles Michael, Duke of Mecklenburg, head of the House of Mecklenburg-Strelitz (b. 1863)
- December 7 – Mary Baker McQuesten, Canadian letter writer and missionary (b. 1849)
- December 9 – Alceste De Ambris, Italian syndicalist (b. 1874)
- December 26 – Wallace Thurman, American writer (b. 1902)
- December 28
- Lowell Sherman, American actor and director (b. 1885)
- Pablo Gargallo, Spanish sculptor and painter (b. 1881)
Nobel Prizes
- Physics – Not awarded this year
- Chemistry – Harold Clayton Urey
- Physiology or Medicine – George Hoyt Whipple, George Richards Minot, William Parry Murphy
- Literature – Luigi Pirandello
- Peace – Arthur Henderson
References
- League of Nations (1938). Handbook of International Organisations: (associations, Bureaux, Committees, Etc.). League of Nations. p. 392.
- George Elrick (1978). Science Fiction Handbook for Readers and Writers. Chicago Review Press. p. 97. ISBN 978-0-914090-52-6.
- Gerrit Jasper Schenk (March 20, 2017). Historical Disaster Experiences: Towards a Comparative and Transcultural History of Disasters Across Asia and Europe. Springer. p. 244. ISBN 978-3-319-49163-9.
- Cartermill International Limited (April 1986). Industrial Companies Year Book. Cartermill International Limited. p. 220. ISBN 978-0-582-90341-8.
- Gerd-Rainer Horn (November 21, 1996). European Socialists Respond to Fascism: Ideology, Activism and Contingency in the 1930s. Oxford University Press. p. 72. ISBN 978-0-19-987994-6.
- Martin, David; Boyd, Alastair (1999). Nessie – the Surgeon's Photograph Exposed. East Barnet: authors. ISBN 0-9535708-0-0.
- Washington, Garrett (2011). Andrea, Alfred J. (ed.). World History Encyclopedia (1st ed.). ABC-CLIO – via Credo Reference.
- The Hutchinson Chronology of World History. Helicon. 2018 – via Credo Reference.
- Frances Stanford (2004). Prime Ministers of Canada Gr. 4-8. On The Mark Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-1-77072-750-2.
- Joseph Siegman (2020). Jewish Sports Legends; The International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame
- Jan Onofrio (January 1, 1999). Pennsylvania Biographical Dictionary. Somerset Publishers, Inc. p. 576. ISBN 978-0-403-09950-4.
- Hardicourt, Tom (January 30, 2014). "Bob Uecker says he will cut back on workload". Milwaukee Journal Sentinel. Retrieved January 30, 2014.
- "Advisory Board". web.archive.org. August 30, 2009.
- Tanzania. Bunge (2002). Who is who for Members of Parliament. Clerk of the National Assembly, Tanzania National Assembly. p. 123.
- Philip H. Ennis (December 1992). The Seventh Stream: The Emergence of Rocknroll in American Popular Music. Wesleyan University Press. p. 246. ISBN 978-0-8195-6257-9.
- Daphne Sheldrick (March 1, 2012). An African Love Story: Love, Life and Elephants. Penguin Books Limited. p. 30. ISBN 978-0-14-196677-9.
- Nick Heath-Brown (February 7, 2017). The Statesman's Yearbook 2016: The Politics, Cultures and Economies of the World. Springer. p. 196. ISBN 978-1-349-57823-8.
- Tony Douglas (April 14, 2016). Jackie Wilson: Lonely Teardrops. Routledge. p. 14. ISBN 978-1-136-77651-9.
- Robin Pogrebin (March 12, 2015). "Michael Graves, Postmodernist Architect Who Designed Towers and Teakettles, Dies at 80". The New York Times. Retrieved March 14, 2015.
- Earl of Harwood (1997). The New Kobbé's Opera Book. Ebury Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-09-181410-6.
- David K. Frasier (2002). Suicide in the Entertainment Industry: An Encyclopedia of 840 Twentieth-century Cases. McFarland. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-7864-1038-5.
- Seelye, Katharine Q. (August 28, 2020). "Angela Buxton, Half of an Outcast Duo in Tennis History, Dies at 85" – via NYTimes.com.
- John Grasso (2011). Historical Dictionary of Tennis
- Laurie Collier Hillstrom; Julie Carnagie (2004). War in the Persian Gulf Biographies: From Operation Desert Storm to Operation Iraqi Freedom. UXL. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-7876-6564-7.
- Paul T. Hellmann (February 14, 2006). Historical Gazetteer of the United States. Routledge. p. 180. ISBN 1-135-94859-3.
- African Leaders. Bankole Kamara Taylor. p. 151.
- John Clements (1996). Clements' Encyclopedia of World Governments. Political Research, Incorporated. p. 352.
- Guyana. Ministry of Information, Culture, and Youth (1973). Guyana in Brief. The Ministry. p. 33.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
- Ray Spangenburg; Kit Moser; Diane Moser (2004). Carl Sagan: A Biography. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-313-32265-5.
- "Maggie Smith: A glorious antidote to the self-absorption of so many in her profession". The Independent. November 13, 2015. Retrieved October 1, 2020.
- Márquez, Oscar J. (March 8, 2009). "La Templanza y Fortaleza de Valerie Paul Hart". La Guayana Esequiba (in Spanish). Retrieved November 12, 2017.
- "Maria Domenica Mantovani". Catholic Readings. Retrieved December 19, 2020.
External links
- The 1930s Timeline: 1934 – from American Studies Programs at The University of Virginia
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