1954 Giro d'Italia

Fifteen teams were invited by the race organizers to participate in the 1954 edition of the Giro d'Italia.[3] The organizers invited neighboring countries to gather a squad of riders to send to compete in the race.[4] Belgium, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland all entered a team, while France was offered a spot in the race and accepted, but could not form a team in time.[4] Each team sent a squad of seven riders,[5] which meant that the race started with a peloton of 105 cyclists.[3] From the riders that began the race, 67 made it to the finish in Milan.[6]

The teams entering the race were:[3][6][7][8]

Fausto Coppi (Bianchi) was seen as the clear–cut favorite, because of the strength of his supporting team.[9][4][10] Coppi's greatest challenger was thought to be Hugo Koblet (Cilo).[4][9] Koblet entered the race in what was regarded as not great form, but if he were to gain his form in the race, then his chances of victory would be large.[4] A La Sentinelle writer felt that Koblet's presence made the competition interesting as it felt no other rider could challenge Coppi.[9] Koblet was thought to have a better support from his team relative to the past couple of years and was expected to contend for the general classification.[11]

Outside candidates included Fiorenzo Magni (Nivea) who would normally be considered a more legitimate contender; however, he was recovering from a fall in the one–day race Roma–Napoli–Roma.[9] Roma-Napoli-Roma winner Bruno Monti (Arbos) and Pasquale Fornara (Bottecchia) were seen as other challengers.[4] "Old" three–time champion Gino Bartali (Bartali) lined up to race while being supported by his usual domestiques Corrieri and Bresci.[9]

While noting that the Giro had been primarily won by Italian riders, Feuille d'Avis Valaisan felt the teams with Belgians, Spanish, and Swiss teams would have a good chance to rival the Italian squads.[5] Nouvelliste Valasain writer even commented that a coalition of some sort exists between Italian riders against the foreign riders.[4] Girardengo-Eldorado riders Stan Ockers and Rik Van Steenbergen were seen as the best Belgian entrants.[4] Their Raymond Impanis was seen a potential threat, but due to disputes with their team director, his participation was questionable.[4] Heinz Müller was the German Clement team's best chance.[4] The Dutch team Locomotief was thought to be filled with good climbers and rouleurs with the likes of Wim Van Est, Wout Wagtmans, and the Voorting brothers Adrie and Gerrit.[4] The team was expected to do well in the opening team time trial.[4] Spanish Climber Jesus Loroño (Ideor) was seen as a contender in the mountains after his performance at the 1953 Tour de France, where he won as a stage and the Mountains classification.[4] Bernard Ruiz and Francisco Masip were two other Spanish riders to watch.[4] Fritz Schär (Guerra) was seen as a rider who would favor the intermediate sprints classification despite his recent poor performance at the Tour de Romandie.[4] Carlo Clerici (Welter) was thought to have "class and will."[4]

Notable absences included Ferdinand Kübler (Fiorelli) who had an ongoing dispute with the race organizers following his abandonment of the Giro the year before.[9] Louison Bobet (Mercier) was seen as a rider who could pose a threat to Coppi, but due to previous incidences of giving him up, he was not seen as a strong contender.[9]

The route's first fourteen stages were revealed on 25 February 1954,[12][13] amid speculation that Rome was not going to be included.[14][15] The rest was revealed on 6 May 1954.[16][17] The route included two time trials, one team and one individual.[9] The inclusion of the team time trial was criticized as it was thought to give too much of an advantage to the wealthier teams.[4][9] In addition, the team time trial that year was held midway through the race and several teams were down men through disease or abandonment, which only further hindered teams.[4][10] To assuage this complaint of the teams, the team time trial stage was made first.[4][10] Critics felt that the route would be similar to year's past, where all the action would be in the closing days, citing the 20th and 21st stages as being the most difficult.[9][10] The press felt that the increased number of intermediate sprints would lead to more attacks throughout the stage ad help animate the race.[4] The race started in Palermo for the first time since 1949.[10]

Stage characteristics and results[6]

Stage	Date	Course	Distance	Type		Winner
1	21 May	Palermo	36 km (22 mi)		Team time trial	Bianchi
2	22 May	Palermo to Taormina	280 km (174 mi)		Stage with mountain(s)	Giuseppe Minardi (ITA)
3	23 May	Reggio Calabria to Catanzaro	172 km (107 mi)		Plain stage	Nino Defilippis (ITA)
4	24 May	Catanzaro to Bari	352 km (219 mi)		Plain stage	Angelo Conterno (ITA)
	25 May	Rest day
5	26 May	Bari to Naples	279 km (173 mi)		Plain stage	Rik Van Steenbergen (BEL)
6	27 May	Naples to L'Aquila	252 km (157 mi)		Plain stage	Carlo Clerici (SUI)
7	28 May	L'Aquila to Rome	150 km (93 mi)		Plain stage	Giorgio Albani (ITA)
8	29 May	Rome to Chianciano Terme	195 km (121 mi)		Plain stage	Giovanni Pettinati (ITA)
9	30 May	Chianciano Terme to Florence	180 km (112 mi)		Plain stage	Giovanni Corrieri (ITA)
10	31 May	Florence to Cesenatico	211 km (131 mi)		Stage with mountain(s)	Pietro Giudici (ITA)
11	1 June	Cesenatico to Abetone	230 km (143 mi)		Stage with mountain(s)	Mauro Gianneschi (ITA)
12	2 June	Abetone to Genoa	251 km (156 mi)		Plain stage	Hilaire Couvreur (BEL)
13	3 June	Genoa to Turin	211 km (131 mi)		Plain stage	Wout Wagtmans (NED)
14	4 June	Turin to Brescia	240 km (149 mi)		Plain stage	Annibale Brasola (ITA)
	5 June	Rest day
15	6 June	Gardone Riviera to Riva del Garda	42 km (26 mi)		Individual time trial	Hugo Koblet (SUI)
16	7 June	Riva del Garda to Abano Terme	131 km (81 mi)		Plain stage	Rik Van Steenbergen (BEL)
17	8 June	Abano Terme to Padua	105 km (65 mi)		Plain stage	Rik Van Steenbergen (BEL)
18	9 June	Padua to Grado	177 km (110 mi)		Plain stage	Adolfo Grosso (ITA)
19	10 June	Grado to San Martino di Castrozza	247 km (153 mi)		Plain stage	Wout Wagtmans (NED)
20	11 June	San Martino di Castrozza to Bolzano	152 km (94 mi)		Stage with mountain(s)	Fausto Coppi (ITA)
21	12 June	Bolzano to Saint Moritz (Switzerland)	222 km (138 mi)		Stage with mountain(s)	Hugo Koblet (SUI)
22	13 June	Saint Moritz (Switzerland) to Milan	222 km (138 mi)		Plain stage	Rik Van Steenbergen (BEL)
	Total		4,337 km (2,695 mi)

In the sixth stage, Carlo Clerici escaped and took the lead with a big margin.[18]

In the twentieth stage, Fausto Coppi won and took some time back. His fans were hoping that he would show more action on the twenty-first stage which included the Bernina Pass, but cyclists rode slowly as a form of protest against the racing conditions, taking almost ten hours to cover the 222 km stage; this event became known as the Bernina strike.[18] When the race ended in Milan the next day, angry supporters whistled at the cyclists. For his leading role in the strike, Coppi was given a two-months suspension, although this was later revoked.[19]

One jersey was worn during the 1954 Giro d'Italia. The leader of the general classification – calculated by adding the stage finish times of each rider – wore a pink jersey. This classification is the most important of the race, and its winner is considered as the winner of the Giro.[20] The winner of the general classification received 72,000 francs.[9] In total 32,555,000 lire (then roughly 227,000 Swiss francs) was awarded.[9] Each day a rider wore the pink jersey, he would win 15,000 francs.[9] Each stage winner received 49,000 francs.[9] A green jersey was awarded to the best ranked foreign rider in the general classification, who also received a sum of money each day the jersey was awarded.[4]

The mountains classification awarded all awarded three points to the first rider and one point to the second rider to cross the summit of a categorized climb.[21] There was no leader's jersey awarded for this classification. The winner received 10,000 francs.[9] Although no jersey was awarded, there was also a classification for the teams, in which the teams were awarded points for their rider's performance during the stages in the intermediate sprints.

In the gran premio traguardi volanti or intermediate sprint classification points were awarded at designated sprint locations throughout each stage's route and at the stage finishes.[22] In total there were 64 designated sprint points throughout the race.[4] Points were awarded to the first three riders to pass through the assigned point: first received five points, second received three points, and third received one point.[4][22] The winner of each sprint will receive 650 francs,[4] while the overall classification winner received 81,000 francs.[9] The leader of this classification wore a white jersey.[4]

Classification leadership by stage

Stage	Winner	General classification	Mountains classification	Team classification
1	Bianchi	Fausto Coppi	not awarded	Bianchi
2	Giuseppe Minardi	Giuseppe Minardi	Giuseppe Minardi	Legnano
3	Nino Defilippis			Guerra
4	Angelo Conterno			Girardengo
5	Rik Van Steenbergen	Gerrit Voorting
6	Carlo Clerici	Carlo Clerici
7	Giorgio Albani
8	Giovanni Pettinati
9	Giovanni Corrieri
10	Pietro Giudici		Giuseppe Minardi & Primo Volpi
11	Mauro Gianneschi		Mauro Gianneschi, Giuseppe Minardi & Primo Volpi
12	Hilaire Couvreur
13	Wout Wagtmans
14	Annibale Brasola
15	Hugo Koblet
16	Rik Van Steenbergen
17	Rik Van Steenbergen
18	Adolfo Grosso
19	Wout Wagtmans
20	Fausto Coppi		Fausto Coppi
21	Hugo Koblet
22	Rik Van Steenbergen
Final		Carlo Clerici	Fausto Coppi	Girardengo

Following the race, a Nouvelliste Valaisan writer described how non-Italian riders dominated the race by winning 11 of the 22 stage, while having 35 foreigners riding to 75 Italians starting the race.[26] The writer acknowledged that some critics felt Italian cycling was beginning to decline as the "Big Three" Bartali, Coppi, and Magni would be soon exiting the sport;[26][27] however, the writer noted that Giancarlo Astrua, Nino Defilippis, Pasquale Fornara, among others would help maintain Italian cycling's presence.[26] In particular, the writer felt the younger riders attacked more and forced the older riders out of their reserves quicker than expected.[26] The writer concluded that the Swiss riders have earned respect from their peers and become favorites entering races now, while stating that the Swiss riders that will contest the upcoming Tour de France will have a lengthy time off to rest before its start because of the 1954 FIFA World Cup.[26] A Nouvelliste Valaisan writer wrote that large attacks were expected on the 21st stage which featured the Bernina pass; however, the attacks did not come, which at the time they speculated it was due to fatigue of the riders.[28] Due to the low effort by the riders and slow stage speed, race organizers cut the prize money on the stage by half.[29] Later this inaction by the peloton on the 21st stage became known as the "Bernina strike."[18] Another Nouvelliste Valaisan writer described the collective performance by the Swiss riders as the best in the nation's history at the Giro, as three finished in the top 12 of the general classification.[28]