9

9 (nine) is the natural number following 8 and preceding 10.

8 9 10
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Cardinalnine
Ordinal9th
(ninth)
Numeral systemnonary
Factorization32
Divisors1, 3, 9
Greek numeralΘ´
Roman numeralIX, ix
Greek prefixennea-
Latin prefixnona-
Binary10012
Ternary1003
Octal118
Duodecimal912
Hexadecimal916
Amharic
Arabic, Kurdish, Persian, Sindhi, Urdu٩
Armenian numeralԹ
Bengali
Chinese numeral九, 玖
Devanāgarī
Greek numeralθ´
Hebrew numeralט
Tamil numerals
Khmer
Telugu numeral
Thai numeral

Mathematics

9 is a composite number, its proper divisors being 1 and 3. It is 3 times 3 and hence the third square number. Nine is a Motzkin number.[1] It is the first composite lucky number, along with the first composite odd number and only single-digit composite odd number.

9 is the only positive perfect power that is one more than another positive perfect power, by Mihăilescu's Theorem.

9 is the highest single-digit number in the decimal system. It is the second non-unitary square prime of the form (p2) and the first that is odd. All subsequent squares of this form are odd.

Since 9 = 321, 9 is an exponential factorial.[2]

A polygon with nine sides is called a nonagon or enneagon.[3] A group of nine of anything is called an ennead.

In base 10, a positive number is divisible by 9 if and only if its digital root is 9.[4] That is, if any natural number is multiplied by 9, and the digits of the answer are repeatedly added until it is just one digit, the sum will be nine:

  • 2 × 9 = 18 (1 + 8 = 9)
  • 3 × 9 = 27 (2 + 7 = 9)
  • 9 × 9 = 81 (8 + 1 = 9)
  • 121 × 9 = 1089 (1 + 0 + 8 + 9 = 18; 1 + 8 = 9)
  • 234 × 9 = 2106 (2 + 1 + 0 + 6 = 9)
  • 578329 × 9 = 5204961 (5 + 2 + 0 + 4 + 9 + 6 + 1 = 27; 2 + 7 = 9)
  • 482729235601 × 9 = 4344563120409 (4 + 3 + 4 + 4 + 5 + 6 + 3 + 1 + 2 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 9 = 45; 4 + 5 = 9)

There are other interesting patterns involving multiples of nine:

  • 12345679 × 9 = 111111111
  • 12345679 × 18 = 222222222
  • 12345679 × 81 = 999999999

This works for all the multiples of 9. n = 3 is the only other n > 1 such that a number is divisible by n if and only if its digital root is divisible by n. In base-N, the divisors of N − 1 have this property. Another consequence of 9 being 10 − 1, is that it is also a Kaprekar number.

The difference between a base-10 positive integer and the sum of its digits is a whole multiple of nine. Examples:

  • The sum of the digits of 41 is 5, and 41 − 5 = 36. The digital root of 36 is 3 + 6 = 9, which, as explained above, demonstrates that it is divisible by nine.
  • The sum of the digits of 35967930 is 3 + 5 + 9 + 6 + 7 + 9 + 3 + 0 = 42, and 35967930 − 42 = 35967888. The digital root of 35967888 is 3 + 5 + 9 + 6 + 7 + 8 + 8 + 8 = 54, 5 + 4 = 9.

Casting out nines is a quick way of testing the calculations of sums, differences, products, and quotients of integers known as long ago as the 12th century.[5]

Six recurring nines appear in the decimal places 762 through 767 of π, see Six nines in pi.

If dividing a number by the amount of 9s corresponding to its number of digits, the number is turned into a repeating decimal. (e.g. 274/999 = 0.274274274274...)

There are nine Heegner numbers.[6]

List of basic calculations

Multiplication 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 20 25 50 100 1000
9 × x 9 18 27 36 45 54 63 72 81 90 180 225 450 900 9000
Division 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
9 ÷ x 9 4.5 3 2.25 1.8 1.5 1.285714 1.125 1 0.9 0.81 0.75 0.692307 0.6428571 0.6
x ÷ 9 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6
Exponentiation 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
9x 9 81 729 6561 59049 531441 4782969 43046721 387420489 3486784401
x9 1 512 19683 262144 1953125 10077696 40353607 134217728 387420489 1000000000
Radix 1 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
110 120 130 140 150 200 250 500 1000 10000 100000 1000000
x9 1 5 119 169 229 279 339 449 559 669 779 889 1109 1219
1329 1439 1549 1659 1769 2429 3079 6159 13319 146419 1621519 17836619

Evolution of the Arabic digit

In the beginning, various Indians wrote a digit 9 similar in shape to the modern closing question mark without the bottom dot. The Kshatrapa, Andhra and Gupta started curving the bottom vertical line coming up with a 3-look-alike. The Nagari continued the bottom stroke to make a circle and enclose the 3-look-alike, in much the same way that the sign @ encircles a lowercase a. As time went on, the enclosing circle became bigger and its line continued beyond the circle downwards, as the 3-look-alike became smaller. Soon, all that was left of the 3-look-alike was a squiggle. The Arabs simply connected that squiggle to the downward stroke at the middle and subsequent European change was purely cosmetic.

While the shape of the glyph for the digit 9 has an ascender in most modern typefaces, in typefaces with text figures the character usually has a descender, as, for example, in .

The modern digit resembles an inverted 6. To disambiguate the two on objects and documents that can be inverted, they are often underlined. Another distinction from the 6 is that it is sometimes handwritten with two strokes and a straight stem, resembling a raised lower-case letter q.

Alphabets and codes

Commerce

Culture and mythology

Indian culture

Nine is a number that appears often in Indian culture and mythology. Some instances are enumerated below.

Chinese culture

  • Nine ( pinyin jiǔ) is considered a good number in Chinese culture because it sounds the same as the word "long-lasting" ( pinyin jiǔ).[7]
  • Nine is strongly associated with the Chinese dragon, a symbol of magic and power. There are nine forms of the dragon, it is described in terms of nine attributes, and it has nine children. It has 117 scales – 81 yang (masculine, heavenly) and 36 yin (feminine, earthly). All three numbers are multiples of 9 (9 × 13 = 117, 9 × 9 = 81, 9 × 4 = 36)[8] as well as having the same digital root of 9.
  • The dragon often symbolizes the Emperor, and the number nine can be found in many ornaments in the Forbidden City.
  • The circular altar platform (Earthly Mount) of the Temple of Heaven has one circular marble plate in the center, surrounded by a ring of nine plates, then by a ring of 18 plates, and so on, for a total of nine rings, with the outermost having 81 = 9 × 9 plates.
  • The name of the area called Kowloon in Hong Kong literally means: nine dragons.
  • The nine-dotted line (Chinese: 南海九段线; pinyin: nánhǎi jiǔduàn xiàn; lit. 'Nine-segment line of the South China Sea') delimits certain island claims by China in the South China Sea.
  • The nine-rank system was a civil service nomination system used during certain Chinese dynasties.
  • 9 Points of the Heart (Heal) / Heart Master (Immortality) Channels in Traditional Chinese Medicine.

Ancient Egypt

  • The nine bows is a term used in Ancient Egypt to represent the traditional enemies of Egypt.
  • The Ennead is a group of nine Egyptian deities, who, in some versions of the Osiris myth, judged whether Horus or Set should inherit Egypt.

European culture

Greek mythology

Mesoamerican mythology

  • The Lords of the Night, is a group of nine deities who each ruled over every ninth night forming a calendrical cycle

Aztec mythology

  • Mictlan the underworld in Aztec mythology, consists of nine levels.

Mayan mythology

  • The Mayan underworld Xibalba consists of nine levels.
  • El Castillo the Mayan step-pyramid in Chichén Itzá, consists of nine steps. It is said that this was done to represent the nine levels of Xibalba.

Anthropology

Idioms

  • "to go the whole nine yards-"
  • "A cat-o'-nine-tails suggests perfect punishment and atonement." – Robert Ripley.
  • "A cat has nine lives"
  • "to be on cloud nine"
  • "A stitch in time saves nine"
  • "found true 9 out of 10 times"
  • "possession is nine tenths of the law"
  • The word "K-9" pronounces the same as canine and is used in many US police departments to denote the police dog unit. Despite not sounding like the translation of the word canine in other languages, many police and military units around the world use the same designation.
  • Someone dressed "to the nines" is dressed up as much as they can be.
  • In North American urban culture, "nine" is a slang word for a 9mm pistol or homicide, the latter from the Illinois Criminal Code for homicide.

Society

  • The 9 on Yahoo!, hosted by Maria Sansone, was a daily video compilation show, or vlog, on Yahoo! featuring the nine top "web finds" of the day.
  • Nine justices sit on the United States Supreme Court.

Technique

Playing cards showing the 9 of all four suits

Literature

  • There are nine circles of Hell in Dante's Divine Comedy.
  • The Nine Bright Shiners, characters in Garth Nix's Old Kingdom trilogy. The Nine Bright Shiners was a 1930s book of poems by Anne Ridler[9] and a 1988 fiction book by Anthea Fraser;[10] the name derives from "a very curious old semi-pagan, semi-Christian" song.[11]
  • The Nine Tailors is a 1934 mystery novel by British writer Dorothy L. Sayers, her ninth featuring sleuth Lord Peter Wimsey.
  • Nine Unknown Men are, in occult legend, the custodians of the sciences of the world since ancient times.
  • In J. R. R. Tolkien's Middle-earth, there are nine rings of power given to men, and consequently, nine ringwraiths. Additionally, The Fellowship of the Ring consists of nine companions.
  • In Lorien Legacies there are nine Garde sent to Earth.
  • Number Nine is a character in Lorien Legacies.
  • In the series A Song of Ice and Fire, there are nine regions of Westeros (the Crownlands, the North, the Riverlands, the Westerlands, the Reach, the Stormlands, the Vale of Arryn, the Iron Islands and Dorne). Additionally, there is a group of nine city-states in western Essos known collectively as the Free Cities (Braavos, Lorath, Lys, Myr, Norvos, Pentos, Qohor, Tyrosh and Volantis).
  • In The Wheel of Time series, Daughter of the Nine Moons is the title given to the heir to the throne of Seanchan, and the Court of the Nine Moons serves as the throne room of the Seanchan rulers themselves. Additionally, the nation of Illian is partially governed by a body known as the Council of Nine, and the flag of Illian displays nine golden bees on it. Furthermore, in the Age of Legends, the Nine Rods of Dominion were nine regional governors who administered individual areas of the world under the ruling world government.

Organizations

  • Divine Nine – The National Pan-Hellenic Council (NPHC) is a collaborative organization of nine historically African American, international Greek-lettered fraternities and sororities.

Places and thoroughfares

Religion and philosophy

A nine-pointed star
  • Nine, as the highest single-digit number (in base ten), symbolizes completeness in the Baháʼí Faith. In addition, the word Baháʼ in the Abjad notation has a value of 9, and a 9-pointed star is used to symbolize the religion.
  • The number 9 is revered in Hinduism and considered a complete, perfected and divine number because it represents the end of a cycle in the decimal system, which originated from the Indian subcontinent as early as 3000 BC.
  • In Buddhism, Gautama Buddha was believed to have nine virtues, which he was (1) Accomplished, (2) Perfectly Enlightened, (3) Endowed with knowledge and Conduct or Practice, (4) Well-gone or Well-spoken, (5) the Knower of worlds, (6) the Guide Unsurpassed of men to be tamed, (7) the Teacher of gods and men, (8) Enlightened, and (9) Blessed.
  • Important Buddhist rituals usually involve nine monks.
  • The first nine days of the Hebrew month of Av are collectively known as "The Nine Days" (Tisha HaYamim), and are a period of semi-mourning leading up to Tisha B'Av, the ninth day of Av on which both Temples in Jerusalem were destroyed.
  • Nine is a significant number in Norse Mythology. Odin hung himself on an ash tree for nine days to learn the runes.
  • The Fourth Way Enneagram is one system of knowledge which shows the correspondence between the 9 integers and the circle.
  • In the Christian angelic hierarchy there are 9 choirs of angels.
  • Ramadan, the month of fasting and prayer, is the ninth month of the Islamic calendar.
  • Tian's Trigram Number, of Feng Shui, in Taoism.
  • In Christianity there are nine Fruit of the Holy Spirit which followers are expected to have: love, joy, peace, patience, kindness, goodness, faithfulness, gentleness, and self-control.

Science

Astronomy

Chemistry

Physiology

A human pregnancy normally lasts nine months, the basis of Naegele's rule.

Sports

Billiards: A Nine-ball rack with the no. 9 ball at the center

Technology

  • ISO 9 is the ISO's standard for the transliteration of Cyrillic characters into Latin characters
  • In the Rich Text Format specification, 9 is the language code for the English language. All codes for regional variants of English are congruent to 9 mod 256.
  • The seven-segment display allows the number 9 to be constructed two ways, either with a hook at the end of its stem or without one. Most LCD calculators use the former, but some VFD models use the latter.
  • The9 Limited (owner of the9.com) is a company in the video-game industry, including former ties to the extremely popular MMORPG World of Warcraft.

Music

See also

References

  1. "Sloane's A001006 : Motzkin numbers". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  2. "Sloane's A049384 : a(0)=1, a(n+1) = (n+1)^a(n)". The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences. OEIS Foundation. Retrieved 2016-06-01.
  3. Robert Dixon, Mathographics. New York: Courier Dover Publications: 24
  4. Martin Gardner, A Gardner's Workout: Training the Mind and Entertaining the Spirit. New York: A. K. Peters (2001): 155
  5. Cajori, Florian (1991, 5e) A History of Mathematics, AMS. ISBN 0-8218-2102-4. p.91
  6. Bryan Bunch, The Kingdom of Infinite Number. New York: W. H. Freeman & Company (2000): 93
  7. "Lucky Number Nine, Meaning of Number 9 in Chinese Culture". www.travelchinaguide.com. Retrieved 2021-01-15.
  8. Donald Alexander Mackenzie (2005). Myths of China And Japan. Kessinger. ISBN 1-4179-6429-4.
  9. Jane Dowson (1996). Women's Poetry of the 1930s: A Critical Anthology. Routledge. ISBN 0-415-13095-6.
  10. Anthea Fraser (1988). The Nine Bright Shiners. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-24323-5.
  11. Charles Herbert Malden (1905). Recollections of an Eton Colleger, 1898-1902. Spottiswoode. p. 182. nine-bright-shiners.
  12. "Web site for NINE: A Journal of Baseball History & Culture". Archived from the original on 2009-11-04. Retrieved 20 February 2013.

Further reading

  • Cecil Balmond, "Number 9, the search for the sigma code" 1998, Prestel 2008, ISBN 3-7913-1933-7, ISBN 978-3-7913-1933-9
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