Acid hydrolysis

In organic chemistry, acid hydrolysis is a hydrolysis process in which a protic acid is used to catalyze the cleavage of a chemical bond via a nucleophilic substitution reaction, with the addition of the elements of water (H2O).[1] For example, in the conversion of cellulose or starch to glucose.[2][3] For the case of esters and amides, it can be defined as an acid catalyzed nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction.[4]

The term is also applied to certain nucleophilic addition reactions, such as in the acid catalyzed hydrolysis of nitriles to amides. Acid hydrolysis does not usually refer to the acid catalyzed addition of the elements of water to double or triple bonds by electrophilic addition as may originate from a hydration reaction.

Acid hydrolysis is used to prepare other chemicals, such as:[5]

  • Monosaccharide
  • Hydrochloric acid
  • Sulfuric acid
  • Trifluoroacetic acid
  • Formic acid
  • Nitric acid

Acid hydrolysis can be utilized in the pretreatment of cellulosic material, so as to cut the interchain linkages in hemicelluose and cellulose.[6]

See also

References
  1. "Hydrolysis - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics". www.sciencedirect.com. Retrieved 2020-09-28.
  2. Goldstein, Irving S. (1983), Côté, Wilfred A. (ed.), "Hydrolysis of Cellulose by Acids", Biomass Utilization, NATO Advanced Science Institutes Series, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 559–566, doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-0833-2_30, ISBN 978-1-4757-0833-2, retrieved 2020-09-28
  3. , "Method of producing sugars using strong acid hydrolysis", issued 1996-07-02
  4. Vaughn, H. L.; Robbins, M. D. (1975). "Rapid procedure for the hydrolysis of amides to acids". The Journal of Organic Chemistry. 40 (8): 1187–1189. doi:10.1021/jo00896a050. ISSN 0022-3263.
  5. Chen, Hongzheng (2015). Lignocellulose Biorefinery Engineering. Woodhead Publishing. ISBN 978-0-08-100135-6.
  6. Pandey; Larroche; Ricke; Dussap; Gnansounou (2011). Biofuels: Alternaative Feedstocks and Conversion Processes. Academic press. ISBN 978-0-12-385099-7.
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