Ahmad Ali Khan of Malerkotla

Muhammad Ahmad Ali was born at Malerkotla in 1881. He was the second son of Nawab Ibrahim Ali Khan.[1][2]

Ahmad Ali Khan ascended the throne in 1908 after the death of his father.[1][3] His formal investiture took place in 1909.[1] From the beginning, his rule was troubled by property disputes among his family.[2]

Ahmad Ali Khan attempted to modernize his state and improve the living conditions of his subjects. He built a railroad, schools, hospitals, and a college.[4] He also constructed a bazaar based on Jaipur's "pink city".[5] These projects resulted in major debts for the Nawab,[4] and his state. Malerkotla's administration reportedly went bankrupt soon after Ahmad's accession to the throne, and remained in this state during most of his rule. Corruption among the state's public services were also a problem.[6] Despite his dire financial situation, Ahmad provided troops[lower-alpha 1] and money to the British government during World War I and World War II,[1][6][7] incurring even more debts.[6] Nevertheless, British officials generally had a low opinion of Ahmad, regarding him as easily influenced,[8] and financially irresponsible.[6]

Ahmad's policies did not endear him to his subjects,[4] and contemporary records indicate that he was not a popular ruler.[8] He was criticised by local newspapers for his excessive spending,[6] and religious attitudes. Ahmad generally tried to keep the religious peace in his domain,[5] but when unrest and disputes occurred, such as during two religious riots in the 1930s, he would reportedly flee to Shimla, where he could be protected by the British.[8] Both Hindus and Muslims in Malerkotla were regularly displeased with his decisions during disputes and accused him of sectarianism, although he wanted to stay out of the debates and did not favor one community over the other. In one of the most notable cases, Malerkotla's mufti led an exodus of Muslims out of the state in protest against Ahmad's perceived pro-Hindu bias. Religious studies expert Anna Bigelow credited local community leaders more with deescalating the religious conflicts in Malerkotla than Ahmad Ali Khan.[9] The Nawab himself suspected, probably correctly, that some of the religious conflicts during his reign were at least partially engineered by his rival and cousin Ihsan Ali Khan.[10]

Nevertheless, Ahmad was notable insofar as he generally allowed public criticism of his rule, and attempted to keep both Muslims and Hindus somewhat satisfied. Whereas other Indian princes in the Punjab violently suppressed critics, and took part in religious pogroms,[11] Ahmad's precarious situation as weak sovereign of a tiny state made him extremely cautious and interested in keeping communal peace.[11][8]

Ahmad's court culture was marked by the presence of qawwals who introduced Urdu and Persian qawwali. These songs were written by Amir Khusrow and contained verses from various religions.[12]

Ahmad Ali Khan's full name was inscribed in the coins issued during his reign. He was the only nawab of Malerkotla to have his name inscribed on the state's coins. Previous rulers had instead inscribed the name of 18th century Afghan ruler Ahmad Shah Durrani on their coinage; this tradition stemmed from Ahmad Shah Durrani having granted Malerkotla the right to mint coins in the first place.[16]

One contemporary British official described Ahmad Ali Khan as "charming gentleman of no character or capacity" who, along with the rest of his family, had an "exaggerated sense" of self-importance.[17]