Alex Stajkovic

Stajkovic developed core confidence theory to help better understand employee motivation.[1] The theory holds that ability and motivation to some extent predict performance. Other factors need to be taken into account. Stajkovic (2006) explains:

"What I try to add to the literature is a suggestion that skill and desire need to be joined with confidence, a personal certainty belief that one can handle what one desires to do or needs to be done at work" (p. 1209)

Stajkovic states that confidence resides deep within individuals - at their core - and is not directly observable. Instead, we see it manifest in people through their hope, self-efficacy, optimism, and resilience.[1] He advanced the view that hope, self-efficacy, optimism, and resilience represent one common core, namely, confidence, and that core confidence predicts job performance, job satisfaction, and satisfaction with life.[17] Along with core confidence, Staikovic also defines trait core confidence as a "certainty can-do belief that spans across related domains of activity."[18]

To support these claims, Stajkovic conducted a series of studies to analyze whether self-efficacy predicts academic achievement above and beyond personality. They analyzed the Big Five personality traits (conscientiousness, agreeableness, extroversion/introversion, openness to experience, and emotional stability), which are defined as innate dispositions. They examined the predictive power of personality and self-efficacy on students' grades. Their findings ultimately concluded that "self-efficacy was predictive of academic achievement above and beyond personality in all of the analyses." In terms of practical implications, this research reaffirmed that students can develop the skills, specifically the confidence, to succeed.[19] Stajkovic has also published articles around self-regulation, which goes hand in hand with core confidence and self-efficacy. Self-regulation is connected to processes related to underlying attitudes and behaviors and how they happen. Research on self-regulation has put a focus on how core confidence plays a role in self-regulation of job performance as well as life satisfaction. The role core confidence plays in adaptive self-regulation is that the person already has the skill and motivation but is triggered psychology to enable this potential. Doubt inhibits this potential. Looking at both confidence levels, individuals with low core confidence are less likely to participate in activities if there is doubt. Individuals with high core confidence are able to overcome this doubt. Staijovic hypothesized that core confidence is positively related to higher satisfaction with life as well as higher job satisfaction. Conclusions of the study found core confidence did in fact show how impactful core confidence is both students and employees that were studied.[18]

A talk by Stajkovic that summarizes his research on confidence and its effect on job performance is available here.

In a 2007 interview with Elle Magazine, Stajkovic gave insight into how to increase self-efficacy. In the interview, his advice to people seeking to grow themselves in their work is to study the habits of their peers who have similar or more advanced skills.[20]

In an experiment published in 2006 Stajkovic and colleagues examined the relationship between primed subconscious goals and conscious goals.[21] Conscious goal setting theory asserts that consciously setting specific, difficult goals explains and predicts work performance.[22][2] The study of conscious goal setting has been largely confined to the study of organizational behavior.[2] Subconscious goal theory asserts that motivational goals can be activated (primed) through stimulating the subconscious mind.[2] The study of subconscious goal activation has been the work of social psychology researchers. Stajkovic and his collaborators designed the first experiment to attempt to connect these two theories.[2]

The subjects in the experiment set conscious goals in three conditions: easy goals, do your best goals and specific difficult goals.[2] The subjects were then subconsciously primed using achievement related words.[2] Subjects were then given the task of listing possible uses for a coat hanger.[2] The experiment showed that both subconscious priming and conscious goal setting had a significant effect on achievement of the difficult and do your best goals.[2] Neither had a significant effect on attainment of an easy goal.[2] The results also showed a significant two-way interaction between subconscious and conscious goals.[2]

In 2019, Stajkovic, with Kayla Sergent, published Cognitive Automation and Organizational Psychology; Priming Goals as a New Source of Competitive Advantage.[23] As the title suggests, Stajkovic and Sergent posit that cognitive automation, that is, using the subconscious, to prime goals to free up working or active memory in task performance provides an opportunity for competitive advantage. Stajkovic and Sergent argue that the use of the subconscious to prime goals will produce a competitive advantage in business.[23] The authors state the problem that the modern worker is experiencing cognitive overload in the workplace due to the complexities and demands of the same.[23] Upon stating the problem, the authors set about providing empirical data to support their argument to show that the use of subconscious processing can provide a competitive advantage in business.[23]

Transformational Leadership

Managers have been getting better and cheaper since the turn of the Industrial Revolution. This has lead to most organizations being over-managed and under-led. To be a transformational leader you must engage in four sets of behavior. These behaviors include Idealized Influence, Inspirational Motivation, Intellectual Stimulation, and Individualized. Together these are called the four "I"s. [24] Idealized Influence is based on influencing employees by modeling. It helps to be charismatic to have idealized influenced. Employees will like what you do, how you approach problems, hot to treat "little people" and how to comport yourself. [25] Inspirational Motivation is to create a vision. Employees will be inspired by a vision.[26] Intellectual Stimulation is for a leader to stimulate followers to be creative and challenge their preconceptions.[27] Individualized Consideration is getting to truly know your employees. How can you led people if you truly do not know them. Because the more you know someone, the more they will share. The more they share, the more you cna help them to realize their full potential.[28]