Amy Jacques Garvey

Amy Euphemia Jacques was born on 31 December 1895 in Kingston, Jamaica.[5] As the eldest child of George Samuel and Charlotte Henrietta (née South) Jacques,[2] she was raised in a middle-class home.[5] Yvette Taylor, in her account of the life of Amy Jacques Garvey, refers to her as being "mulatta".[6] Charlotte Henrietta was half-white, and George Samuel was a dark-skinned black. Taylor goes on to explain that her mixed race heavily influenced her upbringing. At a young age, Garvey was taught to play the piano and took courses in music appreciation because music and music appreciation were believed to be considered the "cultural finishing to a girl's education". Garvey was a part of a small minority of Jamaican youth to attend high school. She attended Wolmer's Schools.[7] It was believed that at the time less than 2% of the youth in Jamaica attended high school. Her political ideologies were derived as a direct result of her father. He urged her to read periodicals and newspapers to "enhance" her knowledge of the world.

Garvey was a forward-thinking woman of her time; however, her father sought to confine her to a specific role in life. Garvey also derived political ideals from her environment. Garvey lived in a time when it was common for most black Jamaicans to be poor, and illiterate farmers. It is due to Europe's colonization of Africa that many African-born Jamaicans developed a consciousness of Africa at this time. While George Samuel urged Garvey to become politically aware, he reinforced the ideals of society. Garvey was allowed to take shorthand classes in her later life, but only because he wished for her to become a nurse. Upon graduating school and receiving some of the highest honours of the time, Garvey was recruited to work at a law firm.[5] Her father initially said no, refusing to allow his daughter to work in an environment with males.[5] George Samuel coincidentally died that year, and the lawyer proceeding over his estate urged Charlotte Henrietta to allow Garvey to work in the clerical office so that she could control the estate. Charlotte agreed, and Garvey worked there for four years, ultimately gaining knowledge of the legal system.

After four years of working for this company, and plagued by ill health, Garvey, in need of a cooler climate, migrated to the United States in 1918.[8] She promised her employer and mother that she would return in three months if conditions in the U.S. were not suitable to her; however, Garvey did not return. Garvey's initial interest in the United States started as a child. She allegedly justified her trip to America by arguing that her father instilled this interest in her, and that she only wished to see "the land of opportunity and its limitations". Karen Adler, in her article chronicling Garvey's life, argues that she did not return because she was enthralled by Garveyism.[9] Adler says that Amy attended a conference being held by Marcus Garvey and was moved by his words, soon afterwards assuming the role of his private secretary and working alongside him and the Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA).

There were many contradictions in details surrounding their courtship. Many historians are confused about whether or not the two were having an affair. On one hand Marcus Garvey's first spouse, Amy Ashwood, claimed that she and Garvey were seeing each other behind her back. Ashwood speaks of infidelity and mistrust when describing the pain and humiliation that she felt. On the other hand, Marcus and Amy Jacques claimed to have had no contact prior to the divorce with his first wife. They claim to have had a mutual respect for one another but said that their contact was limited strictly to work and friendly chatter. Ashwood makes the claim that she left Marcus for a period of separation in the summer of 1921, when she allegedly discovered that he and Amy Jacques were living together. Jacques alleges that any romantic contact between the two began strictly after his divorce. He divorced Ashwood while she was abroad in England in June 1922, and had the divorce approved in Kansas City without her knowledge; a month later on 27 July 1922, he married Jacques in Baltimore. Ashwood felt betrayed by her friend and her husband. Adler claims that Ashwood and Jacques were best friends. The two were said to have known each other as teenagers in Jamaica, and Jacques was said to have been Ashwood's chief bridesmaid in her wedding to Garvey. Ashwood attempted to have the second marriage annulled upon returning from England by filing a suit to deny the validity of her divorce to Garvey. In this later, Garvey was named the co-respondent. The effort to have this divorce nullified failed, leaving Amy Jacques as Garvey's legitimate wife. Unfortunately this whole debacle led to the severance of this long-time friendship.

At the beginning of their marriage, Garvey believed that her responsibility should be that of comfort to her husband. Just several months after marrying Marcus, Garvey began editing volume 1 of the Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey (a compilation of Marcus's writings and speeches). Her initial purpose in editing this journal was to provide a means for the general public to form their own opinion about Marcus Garvey and without the stigma provided by biased sources of the time. Amy's place in both the movement and the organization soon shifted. Instead taking a back seat to her husband and working in the shadow to strengthen his platform, Amy became a face of the UNIA (Universal Negro Improvement Association) and a representation of the females of this organization. In her book Garvey and Garveyism, Amy alleges that a significant amount of Garvey's speeches were a direct result of her own work; whether it be the crafting of specific lines or the research that went into it. In this book Amy describes how Marcus implored her to read through front-page articles and other prominent new sources, and explain their importance to him. After gathering the information he needed he would then use it for his own speeches.

Garvey was said to have been an excellent speaker, having toured the country with and without her husband. After making a return from their western tour, Marcus was scheduled to speak in New York and Amy was not a part of the program. Adler alleges that the audience was so inspired by her previous speeches and published works that when Garvey went up to speak the crowd chanted: "We want Mrs. Garvey!" Even though she was not scheduled to speak at the event she was allowed to because of the mass outcry by the crowd. Marcus Garvey was said to have taken to the podium and said that he was grateful that his wife was his wife and not a rival. Adler believes that Marcus Garvey failed to show any appreciation for his wife despite her growing fame in the public forum. Adler continues on forward to say: "He expected self-sacrificing behaviour from his wife and perhaps was threatened by her rival status, rendering him unable to acknowledge her capabilities and accomplishments."[9] Amy, however, did not pose an initial threat to Garvey. Given her strong beliefs in her position as his wife, and the structure of the organization, Amy took a back seat, as did other women in the UNIA. UNIA presented itself as an equal-rights organization, but many women complained that they were given unfair positions. The grievances were made public at UNIA's national convention in 1922. Sexism found a means to thrive even in spite of UNIA's commitment to sexual equality. This being the case, women such as Amy Jacques Garvey found a way to become invaluable to the organization.

In light of unforeseen circumstances, Garvey was forced to assume a lead role in UNIA. Marcus was convicted of mail fraud on June 21, 1923, less than a year after marrying Garvey. After being convicted, he was sent to Tombs Prison in upstate New York, where he spent three months before being released on bond. While in prison, Marcus failed to win his appeals, and as a direct result was sentenced on 8 February 1925 to five years in Atlanta Federal Penitentiary. It is at this time that Garvey assumed leadership of UNIA. In addition to speaking all over the country to raise money for Garvey's defence fund, she edited and published volume 2 of the Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey, two volumes of his poetry, The Tragedy of White Injustice and Selections from the Poetic Meditations of Marcus Garvey. While doing this she worked tirelessly with lawyers to get her husband out of jail, and kept UNIA moving forward by delivering speeches and meeting with the leadership of the group occasionally. Despite the effort that Garvey put into keeping Marcus's dream alive, Adler alleges that Marcus never showed any appreciation toward her.[9] Garvey never assumed official leadership of the organization because Marcus would not allow it.

After her husband was deported in 1927, Garvey went with him to Jamaica. They had two sons: Marcus Mosiah Garvey III (b. 1930) and Julius Winston Garvey (b. 1933).[10] She remained with their children in Jamaica when Garvey moved to England in 1934.[10]

After Garvey's death in 1940, Jacques continued the struggle for black nationalism and African independence. In 1944 she wrote "A Memorandum Correlative of Africa, West Indies and the Americas", which she used to convince U.N. representatives to adopt an African Freedom Charter.

In November 1963, Garvey visited Nigeria as a guest of Dr. Nnamdi Azikiwe, who was being installed as that nation's first Governor-General. She published her own book, Garvey and Garveyism, in 1963, as well as a booklet, Black Power in America: The Power of the Human Spirit, in 1968. She also assisted John Henrik Clarke in editing Marcus Garvey and the Vision of Africa (1974). Her final work was the Philosophy and Opinions of Marcus Garvey volume III, written in conjunction with E. U. Essien-Udom.[11]

She was awarded the Musgrave Medal in 1971.[7]