Apogastropoda

Apogastropoda
	Various examples of Apogastropoda
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Mollusca
Class:	Gastropoda
Subclass:	Orthogastropoda
Infraclass:	Apogastropoda; Salvini-Plawen & Haszprunar, 1987[1]
Superorders
	Heterobranchia; Caenogastropoda

Apogastropoda was previously used as a major taxonomic grouping of sea snails, marine gastropod molluscs. This infraclass mostly consisted of marine limpets and operculate snails. At least 20,000 species were considered to exist within the two clades that were included, Heterobranchia and Caenogastropoda.[2]

Description

Gastropods that were placed in this taxon have bifurcate tentacle nerves and two pedal commissures.[2]

Reasons for establishing

Older morphological and molecular studies appeared to show that the Caenogastropoda and Heterobranchia should be considered as sister taxa, comprising the Apogastropoda.[3][4]

This taxon was used in taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997).

Reasons for rejection

However this taxonomic grouping is no longer used (according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005). It is out-dated because more recent molecular studies have proved that it contains two separate evolutionary lineages, the two clades mentioned above.

Apogastropoda was also rejected according to the nucleotide sequence of mitochondrial genome in 2008.[5]

Synonyms

Anaclodonta
Archaeobranchia
Architectonicoida
Ctenobranchia
Gymnoglossa
Heterophrosynidae
Oligopteria
Orbacea
Peristomacea
Potamophila
Taenioglossa

Taxonomy

Apogastropoda comprised taxa as follows according to the taxonomy of the Gastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg, 1997):

Superorder Caenogastropoda Cox, 1960

Order Architaenioglossa Haller, 1890
- Superfamily Ampullarioidea J.E. Gray, 1824
- Superfamily Cyclophoroidea J.E. Gray, 1847 (terrestrial)
Order Sorbeoconcha Ponder & Lindberg, 1997
- Suborder Cerithiimorpha Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975
  - Superfamily Spanionematoidea
- Suborder Hypsogastropoda Ponder & Lindberg, 1997
  - Infraorder Littorinimorpha Golikov & Starobogatov, 1975
    - Superfamily Calyptraeoidea Lamarck, 1809
    - Superfamily Capuloidea J. Fleming, 1822
    - Superfamily Carinarioidea Blainville, 1818
    - Superfamily Cingulopsoidea Fretter & Patil, 1958
    - Superfamily Cypraeoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (cowries)
    - Superfamily Ficoidea Meek, 1864
    - Superfamily Laubierinoidea Warén & Bouchet, 1990
    - Superfamily Littorinoidea (Children), 1834 (periwinkles)
    - Superfamily Naticoidea Forbes, 1838 (moon shells)
    - Superfamily Rissooidea J.E. Gray, 1847 (Risso shells)
    - Superfamily Stromboidea Rafinesque, 1815 (true conchs)
    - Superfamily Tonnoidea Suter, 1913
    - Superfamily Trivioidea Troschel, 1863
    - Superfamily Vanikoroidea J.E. Gray, 1840
    - Superfamily Velutinoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
    - Superfamily Vermetoidea Rafinesque, 1815 (worm shells)
    - Superfamily Xenophoroidea Troschel, 1852 (carrier shells)
  - Infraorder Neogastropoda Thiele, 1929
    - Superfamily Buccinoidea (whelks, false tritons)
    - Superfamily Cancellarioidea Forbes & Hanley, 1851
    - Superfamily Conoidea Rafinesque, 1815
    - Superfamily Muricoidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Infraorder Ptenoglossa J.E. Gray, 1853
    - Superfamily Eulimoidea Philippi, 1853
    - Superfamily Janthinoidea Lamarck, 1812
    - Superfamily Triphoroidea J.E. Gray, 1847
- Suborder Discopoda P. Fischer, 1884 - sometimes included in Cerithiimorpha
  - Superfamily Campaniloidea Douvillé, 1904
  - Superfamily Cerithioidea Férussac, 1822
- Suborder Murchisoniina Cox & Knight, 1960
  - Superfamily Loxonematoidea Koken, 1889

Superorder Heterobranchia J.E. Gray, 1840

Order Heterostropha P. Fischer, 1885
- Superfamily Architectonicoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
  - Family Architectonicidae Gray, 1850
- Superfamily Omalogyroidea G.O. Sars, 1878
- Superfamily Pyramidelloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
- Superfamily Rissoelloidea J.E. Gray, 1850
- Superfamily Valvatoidea J.E. Gray, 1840
Order Opisthobranchia Milne-Edwards, 1848
- Suborder Nudibranchia Blainville, 1814 (nudibranchs)
  - Infraorder Anthobranchia Férussac, 1819
    - Superfamily Doridoidea Rafinesque, 1815
    - Superfamily Doridoxoidea Bergh, 1900
    - Superfamily Onchidoridoidea Alder & Hancock, 1845
    - Superfamily Polyceroidea Alder & Hancock, 1845
  - Infraorder Cladobranchia Willan & Morton, 1984
    - Superfamily Aeolidioidea J.E. Gray, 1827
    - Superfamily Arminoidea Rafinesque, 1814
    - Superfamily Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845
    - Superfamily Metarminoidea Odhner in Franc, 1968
- Suborder Anaspidea P. Fischer, 1883 (sea hares)
  - Superfamily Akeroidea Pilsbry, 1893
  - Superfamily Aplysioidea Lamarck, 1809
- Suborder Cephalaspidea P. Fischer, 1883
  - Superfamily Acteonoidea D'Orbigny, 1835
  - Superfamily Bulloidea Lamarck, 1801
  - Superfamily Cylindrobulloidea Thiele, 1931
  - Superfamily Diaphanoidea Odhner, 1914
  - Superfamily Haminoeoidea Pilsbry, 1895
  - Superfamily Philinoidea J.E. Gray, 1850
  - Superfamily Ringiculoidea Philippi, 1853
- Suborder Gymnosomata Blainville, 1824 (sea angels)
- Suborder Notaspidea P. Fischer, 1883
  - Superfamily Pleurobranchoidea Férussac, 1822
  - Superfamily Tylodinoidea J.E. Gray, 1847
- Suborder Sacoglossa Von Ihering, 1876
  - Superfamily Oxynooidea H. & A. Adams, 1854
- Suborder Thecosomata Blainville, 1824 (sea butterflies)
  - Infraorder Euthecosomata
    - Superfamily Limacinoidea
    - Superfamily Cavolinioidea
  - Infraorder Pseudothecosomata
    - Superfamily Peraclidoidea
    - Superfamily Cymbulioidea
Order Pulmonata Cuvier in Blainville, 1814 (pulmonates)
- Subinfraorder Orthurethra
  - Superfamily Achatinelloidea Gulick, 1873
  - Superfamily Cochlicopoidea Pilsbry, 1900
  - Superfamily Partuloidea Pilsbry, 1900
  - Superfamily Pupilloidea Turton, 1831
- Subinfraorder Sigmurethra
  - Superfamily Acavoidea Pilsbry, 1895
  - Superfamily Achatinoidea Swainson, 1840
  - Superfamily Aillyoidea Baker, 1960
  - Superfamily Arionoidea J.E. Gray in Turnton, 1840
  - Superfamily Buliminoidea Clessin, 1879
  - Superfamily Camaenoidea Pilsbry, 1895
  - Superfamily Clausilioidea Mörch, 1864
  - Superfamily Dyakioidea Gude & Woodward, 1921
  - Superfamily Gastrodontoidea Tryon, 1866
  - Superfamily Helicoidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Helixarionoidea Bourguignat, 1877
  - Superfamily Limacoidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Oleacinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
  - Superfamily Orthalicoidea Albers-Martens, 1860
  - Superfamily Plectopylidoidea Moellendorf, 1900
  - Superfamily Polygyroidea Pilsbry, 1894
  - Superfamily Punctoidea Morse, 1864
  - Superfamily Rhytidoidea Pilsbry, 1893
  - Superfamily Sagdidoidera Pilsbry, 1895
  - Superfamily Staffordioidea Thiele, 1931
  - Superfamily Streptaxoidea J.E. Gray, 1806
  - Superfamily Strophocheiloidea Thiele, 1926
  - Superfamily Trigonochlamydoidea Hese, 1882
  - Superfamily Zonitoidea Mörch, 1864
- Infraorder Acteophila Dall, 1885
  - Superfamily Melampoidea Stimpson, 1851
- Infraorder Trimusculiformes Minichev & Starobogatov, 1975
  - Superfamily Trimusculoidea Zilch, 1959
- Infraorder Stylommatophora A. Schmidt, 1856 (land snails)
- Suborder Basommatophora Keferstein in Bronn, 1864 (freshwater pulmonates)
  - Superfamily Acroloxoidea Thiele, 1931
  - Superfamily Amphiboloidea J.E. Gray, 1840
  - Superfamily Chilinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
  - Superfamily Glacidorboidea Ponder, 1986
  - Superfamily Lymnaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Planorboidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Siphonarioidea J.E. Gray, 1840
- Suborder Eupulmonata Haszprunar & Huber, 1990
- Suborder Systellommatophora Pilsbry, 1948
  - Superfamily Onchidioidea Rafinesque, 1815
  - Superfamily Otinoidea H. & A. Adams, 1855
  - Superfamily Rathouisioidea Sarasin, 1889

References

Salvini-Plawen, L. von; Haszprunar, G. (1987). "The Vetigastropoda and the systematics of streptonerous Gastropoda (Mollusca)". Journal of Zoology. 211 (4): 747–770 [762]. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb04485.x.
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/29828/Apogastropoda
Haszprunar G. (1988). "On the origin and evolution of major gastropods group, with special reference to the Streptoneura". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 54 (4): 367–441. doi:10.1093/mollus/54.4.367.
Salvini-Plawen L, Steiner G (1996). "Synapomorphies and plesiomorphies in higher classification of Mollusca". Origin and evolutionary radiation of the Mollusca. The Malacological Society of London. pp. 29–51.
Cristina Grande, José Templado and Rafael Zardoya (2008). "Evolution of gastropod mitochondrial genome arrangements". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (61): 61. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-61. PMC 2291457. PMID 18302768.

External links

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[1] Salvini-Plawen, L. von; Haszprunar, G. (1987). "The Vetigastropoda and the systematics of streptonerous Gastropoda (Mollusca)". Journal of Zoology. 211 (4): 747–770 [762]. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb04485.x.

[britannica.com-2] ttp://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/29828/Apogastropoda

[Haszprunar-3] Haszprunar G. (1988). "On the origin and evolution of major gastropods group, with special reference to the Streptoneura". Journal of Molluscan Studies. 54 (4): 367–441. doi:10.1093/mollus/54.4.367.

[Salvini-4] Salvini-Plawen L, Steiner G (1996). "Synapomorphies and plesiomorphies in higher classification of Mollusca". Origin and evolutionary radiation of the Mollusca. The Malacological Society of London. pp. 29–51.

[Grande-5] Cristina Grande, José Templado and Rafael Zardoya (2008). "Evolution of gastropod mitochondrial genome arrangements". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 8 (61): 61. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-8-61. PMC 2291457. PMID 18302768.