Archaic Period (Americas)

Several chronologies in the archaeology of the Americas include an Archaic Period or Archaic stage etc. It is often sub-divided, for example into "Early", "Middle" and "Late", or alternatively "Lower" and "Upper", stages. The dates, and the characteristics of the period called "Archaic" vary between different parts of the Americas. Sometimes also referred to as the "Pre-Ceramic stage" or period, it followed the Lithic stage and was superseded by the Formative stage, or a Preformative stage.[1] The typical broad use of the terms is as follows:

In Mesoamerican chronology the Archaic runs from about 3500 BC to 1800 BC; sites include Coxcatlan Cave, Tehuacán, showing the development of maize.
In the periodization of pre-Columbian Peru the term may not be used, replaced by the Pre-Ceramic.
In the North American chronology the Archaic is known generally as the period from 11,500-3200 cal yr B.P. and is usually subdivided into three subperiods: Early Archaic (11,500-8900 cal yr B.P.), Middle Archaic (8900-5800 cal yr B.P.), and Late Archaic (5800-3200 cal yr B.P.).[2]

Cultures of the Archaic Stage are at some point in the development of the technologies of pottery, weaving, and developed food production; normally they are becoming reliant on agriculture, unless reliant on seafood. Social organization is developing into permanent villages. In the early parts of the period, hunting is gradually replaced by gathering, as the megafauna hunted in the Lithic stage decline. [3] By the end of the Archaic, in parts of South America, there is "a stable agricultural system utilized by people living in permanent villages with ceremonial architecture".[4]

The Archaic is the second of five stages defined by Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips in their 1958 book Method and Theory in American Archaeology.[5]

The Lithic stage
The Archaic stage
The Formative stage
The Classic stage
The Post-Classic stage

References

"Method and Theory in American Archaeology" (Digitised online by Questia Media). Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips. University of Chicago. 1958. Retrieved 2009-11-20.
Anderson, David G. (2012). Recent developments in southeastern archaeology : from colonization to complexity. Sassaman, Kenneth E. Washington, DC: Society for American Archaeology Press. ISBN 9780932839435. OCLC 778074918.
Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips (1957). Method and Theory in American Archaeology, from p. 104, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-89888-9.
Silberman, Neil Asher, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Volume 1, p. 151, 2012, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0199735786, 9780199735785, google books
Willey, Gordon R. (1989). "Gordon Willey". In Glyn Edmund Daniel and Christopher Chippindale (ed.). The Pastmasters: Eleven Modern Pioneers of Archaeology: V. Gordon Childe, Stuart Piggott, Charles Phillips, Christopher Hawkes, Seton Lloyd, Robert J. Braidwood, Gordon R. Willey, C.J. Becker, Sigfried J. De Laet, J. Desmond Clark, D.J. Mulvaney. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05051-1. OCLC 19750309.

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[1] "Method and Theory in American Archaeology" (Digitised online by Questia Media). Gordon Willey and Philip Phillips. University of Chicago. 1958. Retrieved 2009-11-20.

[2] Anderson, David G. (2012). Recent developments in southeastern archaeology : from colonization to complexity. Sassaman, Kenneth E. Washington, DC: Society for American Archaeology Press. ISBN 9780932839435. OCLC 778074918.

[3] Gordon R. Willey and Philip Phillips (1957). Method and Theory in American Archaeology, from p. 104, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-89888-9.

[4] Silberman, Neil Asher, The Oxford Companion to Archaeology, Volume 1, p. 151, 2012, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0199735786, 9780199735785, google books

[5] Willey, Gordon R. (1989). "Gordon Willey". In Glyn Edmund Daniel and Christopher Chippindale (ed.). The Pastmasters: Eleven Modern Pioneers of Archaeology: V. Gordon Childe, Stuart Piggott, Charles Phillips, Christopher Hawkes, Seton Lloyd, Robert J. Braidwood, Gordon R. Willey, C.J. Becker, Sigfried J. De Laet, J. Desmond Clark, D.J. Mulvaney. New York: Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05051-1. OCLC 19750309.