Archard equation

${\displaystyle Q={\frac {KWL}{H}}}$

where:[9]

Q is the total volume of wear debris produced

K is a dimensionless constant

W is the total normal load

L is the sliding distance

H is the hardness of the softest contacting surfaces

Note that ${\displaystyle WL}$ is proportional to the work done by the friction forces as described by Reye's hypothesis.

Also, K is obtained from experimental results and depends on several parameters. Among them are surface quality, chemical affinity between the material of two surfaces, surface hardness process and others.

The equation can be derived by first examining the behavior of a single asperity.

The local load ${\displaystyle \,\delta W}$, supported by an asperity, assumed to have a circular cross-section with a radius ${\displaystyle \,a}$, is:[10]

${\displaystyle \delta W=P\pi {a^{2}}\,\!}$

where P is the yield pressure for the asperity, assumed to be deforming plastically. P will be close to the indentation hardness, H, of the asperity.

If the volume of wear debris, ${\displaystyle \,\delta V}$, for a particular asperity is a hemisphere sheared off from the asperity, it follows that:

${\displaystyle \delta V={\frac {2}{3}}\pi a^{3}}$

This fragment is formed by the material having slid a distance 2a

Hence, ${\displaystyle \,\delta Q}$, the wear volume of material produced from this asperity per unit distance moved is:

${\displaystyle \delta Q={\frac {\delta V}{2a}}={\frac {\pi a^{2}}{3}}\equiv {\frac {\delta W}{3P}}\approx {\frac {\delta W}{3H}}}$ making the approximation that ${\displaystyle \,P\approx H}$

However, not all asperities will have had material removed when sliding distance 2a. Therefore, the total wear debris produced per unit distance moved, ${\displaystyle \,Q}$ will be lower than the ratio of W to 3H. This is accounted for by the addition of a dimensionless constant K, which also incorporates the factor 3 above. These operations produce the Archard equation as given above. Archard interpreted K factor as a probability of forming wear debris from asperity encounters.[11] Typically for 'mild' wear, K ≈ 10⁻⁸, whereas for 'severe' wear, K ≈ 10⁻². Recently,[12] it has been shown that there exists a critical length scale that controls the wear debris formation at the asperity level. This length scale defines a critical junction size, where bigger junctions produce debris, while smaller ones deform plastically.

• Chemistry of pressure-sensitive adhesives

• Peterson, Marshall B.; Winer, Ward O. (1980). Wear Control Handbook. New York: American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME).
• Friction, Lubrication, and Wear Technology. ASM Handbook. 1992. ISBN 978-0-87170-380-4.
• Panetti, Modesto (1954) [1947]. Meccanica Applicata (in Italian). Torino: Levrotto & Bella.
• Funaioli, Ettore (1973). Corso di meccanica applicata alle macchine (in Italian). I (3rd ed.). Bologna: Patron.
• Funaioli, Ettore; Maggiore, Alberto; Meneghetti, Umberto (October 2006) [2005]. Lezioni di meccanica applicata alle macchine (in Italian). I. Bologna: Patron. ISBN 978-8855528290.
• Ferraresi, Carlo; Raparelli, Terenziano (1997). Meccanica Applicata (in Italian) (C.L.U.T. ed.). Torino.
• Opatowski, Izaak (September 1942). "A theory of brakes, an example of a theoretical study of wear". Journal of the Franklin Institute. 234 (3): 239–249. doi:10.1016/S0016-0032(42)91082-2.
• https://patents.google.com/patent/DE102005060024A1/de (Mentions the term "Reye-Hypothese")