Arsenophonus arthropodicus

Candidatus Arsenophonus arthropodicus is a Gram-negative and intracellular secondary (S) endosymbiont that belongs to the genus Arsenophonus.[1] This bacterium is found in the Hippoboscid louse fly, Pseudolynchia canariensis.[1] S-endosymbionts are commonly found in distinct tissues.[1] Strains of recovered Arsenophonus found in arthropods share 99% sequence identification in the 16S rRNA gene across all species.[1] Arsenophonus-host interactions involve parasitism and mutualism, including a popular mechanism of "male-killing" found commonly in a related species, Arsenophonus nasoniae.[2][3] This species is considered "Ca. A. arthropodicus" due it being as of yet uncultured.[4]

Arsenophonus arthropodicus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Proteobacteria
Class:
Gammaproteobacteria
Order:
Enterobacterales
Family:
Morganellaceae
Genus:
Arsenophonus
Species:
Candidatus Arsenophonus arthropodicus

Isolation and genome identification

Isolation

Amplified 16S rRNA gene sequences of Phoenix canariensis pupal DNA showed Arsenophonus detection in hemocytes, gut, fat body, and reproductive tissues indicating distribution of bacterium throughout hosts tissues.[1] Lab cultured bacteria found in these tissues show extracellular and intracellular attachment indicating Ca. A. arthropodicus can initiate intracellular infection in the host cells in vitro.[1]

A primary culture of P. canariensis pupae was used to enrich Ca. A. arthropodicus through Gram-positive inhibitor vancomycin and Gram-negative sensitive antibacterial cationic peptides.[1] Ancestral species identification also provides insight into Arsenophonus being a monophyletic clade.[5]

Genome identification

Contents of the Ca. A. arthropodicus genome are a single chromosome and multiple extrachromosomal elements.[1] Through the use of restriction enzymes Notl and Ascl the approximate chromosome size is 3.51 Mbp.[1] Two species were identified from enrichments based on the behavior of extrachromosomal DNA under alkaline lysis, restriction enzymes, and agarose gel electrophoresis .[1]

References
  1. Dale, Colin; Beeton, Michael; Harbison, Christopher; Jones, Tait; Pontes, Mauricio (2006-04-01). "Isolation, Pure Culture, and Characterization of "Candidatus Arsenophonus arthropodicus," an Intracellular Secondary Endosymbiont from the Hippoboscid Louse Fly Pseudolynchia canariensis". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72 (4): 2997–3004. doi:10.1128/AEM.72.4.2997-3004.2006. ISSN 0099-2240. PMID 16598007.
  2. Mouton, Laurence; Thierry, Magali; Henri, Hélène; Baudin, Rémy; Gnankine, Olivier; Reynaud, Bernard; Zchori-Fein, Einat; Becker, Nathalie; Fleury, Frédéric; Delatte, Hélène (2012-01-18). "Evidence of diversity and recombination in Arsenophonus symbionts of the Bemisia tabacispecies complex". BMC Microbiology. 12 (1): S10. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-12-S1-S10. ISSN 1471-2180.
  3. Darby, A. C.; Choi, J.-H.; Wilkes, T.; Hughes, M. A.; Werren, J. H.; Hurst, G. D. D.; Colbourne, J. K. (2010). "Characteristics of the genome of Arsenophonus nasoniae, son-killer bacterium of the wasp Nasonia". Insect Molecular Biology. 19 (s1): 75–89. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2583.2009.00950.x. ISSN 1365-2583.
  4. "Species: Arsenophonus arthropodicus". lpsn.dsmz.de. Retrieved 2020-11-02.
  5. Nováková, Eva; Hypša, Václav; Moran, Nancy A (2009-07-20). "Arsenophonus, an emerging clade of intracellular symbionts with a broad host distribution". BMC Microbiology. 9: 143. doi:10.1186/1471-2180-9-143. ISSN 1471-2180. PMC 2724383. PMID 19619300.
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