As Maine goes, so goes the nation

"As Maine goes, so goes the nation" was once a maxim in United States politics. The phrase described Maine's reputation as a bellwether state for presidential elections. Specifically, Maine's September election of a governor predicted the party outcome of the November presidential election in 22 out of the 29 presidential election years from 1820 to 1932: namely 1820–1844, 1852, 1860–1880, 1888, 1896-1908 and 1920–1932.

Maine's reputation as a bellwether began in 1840, when it elected Edward Kent, the Whig Party candidate, as Governor of Maine; two months later, the Whig party presidential candidate, William Henry Harrison, won the 1840 presidential election.[1] Again in 1888 Maine voted solidly for Republican Party candidates, and Republican Benjamin Harrison won the Presidential election despite losing the overall popular vote nationwide.[2] The saying originated following this election, though it is unknown by whom.[2]

Beginning with its creation as a state in 1820 when it split off from Massachusetts, Maine held its elections for statewide and congressional offices in September, not in November as most other states did, due to frigid November weather and Maine's early harvest (Maine did hold its presidential elections in November). [1][3][4]

In subsequent election cycles, national political parties often went to considerable lengths to win Maine's early Congressional and statewide elections, despite the state's relatively small population (giving it two seats in the House of Representatives and four electoral votes in the November presidential elections) and somewhat remote location.

Bellwether no more

In 1936, Maine elected Republican Governor Lewis O. Barrows, an overwhelmingly Republican state legislature, and an all-Republican congressional delegation in its early balloting, causing Republicans to trumpet the phrase and predict a national trend. While Maine had elected a Democratic Governor and two Democratic congressmen in both 1932 (although the state had still been carried by Republican President Herbert Hoover that November) and 1934, the Democrats had been making gains in the Maine Legislature, so the Republican victories in Maine in September 1936 seemed indicative of a national Republican trend.

That November, however, Maine and Vermont were the only states carried by Republican nominee Alf Landon over President Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1936 presidential election, giving Landon only eight electoral votes (the three from Vermont and the five from Maine),[5] equalling the smallest total ever (as of 2020) won by a major-party nominee since the beginning of the current U.S. two-party system in the 1850s, and destroying any credibility of the phrase. Landon had such a heavy defeat in the election that he did not even win his home state, Kansas.

Democratic strategist and F.D.R. campaign manager James Farley quipped "As Maine goes, so goes Vermont."[6][7] In fact, since then the states of Vermont and Maine voted for the same candidate in every election except the 1968 presidential election.

Out of the five presidential elections from 1940 to 1956, the party whose nominee won Maine's September gubernatorial election won the presidential election only once: in 1952, Republican Burton M. Cross was elected Governor, while Dwight D. Eisenhower was elected to his first term as President.

In 1959, Maine changed its election laws to hold all general elections in November, and since 1960, have held elections at the same time as the rest of the country.[6]

As of 2020, the most widely cited bellwether state is Ohio, which has (with the exception of 2020) continuously been an accurate predictor of the national outcome of presidential elections since 1964.

See also
Main article: Bellwether § United States

References
  1. Harkavy, Jerry (1998-09-06). "'As Maine goes' tradition went - long ago". AP/South Coast Today.
  2. Speel, Robert W. (1994). "Chapter 2: Vermont, the North, and Realignment". Changing Patterns of Voting. Penn State Press.
  3. "2006 Campaign Tip Sheet - Maine state profile". National Journal. Archived from the original on 15 November 2006. Retrieved 2006-10-13.
  4. Mills, Paul H. (2006-09-10). "As Maine goes". Sun Journal (Lewiston, ME).
  5. Morison, Samuel Eliot (1972). "Chapter XII, The New Deal". The Oxford History of the American People, Vol. 3. p. 328.
  6. Ken Rudin (2000-07-14). "The Significance of the V.P. Pick". The Washington Post.
  7. "As the Nation Goes". Time Magazine. September 23, 1957.
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