At the Hawk's Well

At the Hawk's Well is a one-act play by William Butler Yeats, first performed in 1916 and published in 1917. It is one of five plays by Yeats which are loosely based on the stories of Cuchulain[1] the mythological hero of ancient Ulster. It was the first play written in English that utilised many of the features of the Japanese Noh Theatre.

Dramatic form

The form of the play is stylised, abstract, symbolic, and ritualistic, unlike the more common realistic and plot-driven theatre of the time. The stage is, "any bare space before a wall against which stands a patterned screen",[2] and the only props are a black cloth with "a gold pattern suggesting a hawk",[3] and a blue cloth to represent a well. The actors' costumes are simple, striking and stylised, and the two main protagonists wear masks while the others have their faces made up to resemble masks. The puppet-like movement of the actors is accompanied throughout by a drum, gong, and zither.

The play is written in verse and opens and closes with the comments and interpretations of the musicians who speak both individually, and together as a chorus. The main body of the play consists of a short drama involving just three protagonists.

Characters
  • Three Musicians
  • The Guardian of the Well
  • An Old Man
  • A Young Man

Synopsis

The play is set by a dried up well on a desolate mountainside which is guarded by a hawk-like woman. An old man has kept camp there for fifty years, waiting to drink the miraculous waters from the well which occasionally rise up. Cuchulain arrives at the spot, having heard a story that the waters bring immortality. The Old Man urges Cuchulain to leave the well, telling of his wasted lifetime there and how, even when the waters did rise up, he was thwarted by a sudden urge to sleep. But Cuchulain is determined to stay and convinced that he shall soon drink the waters. While they speak of a hawk which had attacked Cuchulain earlier in the day, and which the old man claims is a supernatural being which carries a curse of discontent and violence, the Guardian of the Well seems to fall into a trance, arises, and begins to dance with hawk-like motions. She then leaves the stage as the well waters bubble up. Cuchulain pursues her, but unable to find her he returns to the well to be informed by the Old Man he has missed the waters. Oblivious, he rushes out again to face the warrior women the Guardian of the Well has called out to battle, ignoring the Old Man's pleas to stay with him.

Themes
  • Choice in relation to identity
  • Fate and destiny
  • Age and youth
  • Natural and supernatural/physical and spiritual/mortality and immortality
  • Psychological obstacles, conflict, and insight
  • Rationality and impulse
  • Heroic nature
  • Conflict, change and transformation

Miscellaneous

The Hawk's Well Theatre in Sligo, built in 1982 is named after the play.[4]

Notes
  1. The other Cuchulain plays by Yeats are: On Baile's Strand, The Green Helmet, The Only Jealousy of Emer, and The Death of Cuchulain,
  2. Yeats, W. B.: "Selected Plays" p. 113. Penguin Books, 1997.
  3. Yeats, W. B.: "Selected Plays" p. 114. Penguin Books, 1997.
  4. Felton (2007), p. 166.

References
  • Felton, Robert Todd (2007). A Journey into Ireland's literary revival. Berkeley : Roaring Forties Press. ISBN 9780976670674. OCLC 493894846.
  • Yeats, W. B. Selected Plays. London: Penguin Books, 1997.

Further reading
  • Dorn, K. Players and painted Stage: the theatre of W. B. Yeats. Sussex: Harvester Press, 1984.
  • Friedman, B. R. Adventures in the deeps of the mind: the Cuchulain cycle of W. B. Yeats. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1977.
  • Good, M. W. B. Yeats and the creation of a tragic universe. London and Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1987.
  • Skene, R. The Cuchulain Plays of W. B. Yeats. London and Basingstoke: MacMillan, 1974.
  • Taylor, R. The Drama of W. B. Yeats: Irish myth and the Japanese No. New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1976.
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