Bölzlschiessen

Bölzlschiessen was a form of domestic recreation that involved shooting darts at decorated targets with an air gun. It is remembered as an activity of Leopold Mozart, his family, and their friends. The most famous participant was Leopold's son Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who began playing at the age of ten[1] or earlier.[2]

Modern reconstruction of a Bölzlschiessen target. It pokes fun at Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and his leavetaking with his cousin (and probable love interest) Maria Anna Thekla Mozart.

Description

There were normally about six to ten players. The Mozart family invited various friends, typically not colleagues from work.[3] The role of Bestgeber ("best-giver") rotated among participants. The Bestgeber provided "a sum of money for the prizes, a painted target (German: Bölzlscheibe, "dart-target"[4]), and possibly refreshments" (Halliwell)[5] The target, which measured up to a meter in size,[1] typically was satirical, poking fun of some member of the group, and included both a picture and some verse.

The Tanzmeisterhaus in Salzburg. The building currently houses a Mozart museum.

When the Mozart family were the hosts, the game was usually played indoors. As of 1773 they lived in the Tanzmeisterhaus ("Dancing master's house"), where their apartments included the studio of the dancing master who had lived there. They used this large room for concerts, dancing, and also Bölzlschiessen. Gatherings took place on Sundays and holidays after lunch. The shooting was followed by card games and a stroll in the Mirabell Park.[1]

The game seems to have been part of the Mozarts' identity as a family: when Wolfgang and his mother left Salzburg in 1777 for his lengthy (and unsuccessful) job-hunting tour, others took their turns at Bölzlschiessen back home in Salzburg. At one point, Wolfgang wrote home to Leopold, specifying the form of a Bölzlschiessen target he wanted used (see below).

Some individuals appearing on Bölzlschiessen targets

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Maria Anna Thekla Mozart

See image above. Wolfgang's departure from his cousin (and probable love interest) Maria Anna Thekla Mozart was from Augsburg where she lived; he was heading toward Mannheim on his job-hunting tour. The target was provided for Wolfgang by his father Leopold; evidently Wolfgang served as honorary Bestgeber despite being away from home.[6]

The verse on the target reads (in English):

Adieu, my maiden cousin! – Adieu, my cousin!
I wish you good luck on the journey, health, fine weather
We spent a fortnight together quite gaily,
'Tis this that makes parting so sad for us twain.
Hateful fate! – Alas – scarcely did I see you arrive
When you are off again! Who would not weep at this?[7]

Katherl Gilowsky

A friend of Mozart's older sister Nannerl. Several targets portray her in various ways forlornly seeking a husband. On one target, the poem read as follows (verse translation by Halliwell):

At every pious pilgrim church to which I wend my way
I carry something from my hopes for which alone I pray;
Will heaven not alas relent to hear a poor soul's plea?
And for my sacrifice and prayer bestow a man on me?[8]

Another commemorates an event in which she tripped on a step in a local store, exposing her posterior in public.[9] Yet another celebrates her birthday by depicting her in a cradle as Leopold's violin pupil, the castrato Francesco Ceccarelli, plays her a lullaby. Ceccarelli was Bestgeber on this occasion.[9]

Emanuel Schikaneder
Modern reconstruction of the Bölzlschiessen target satirizing Emanuel Schikaneder, from 1780. Captions: Schikaneder is shown as saying 'ich verspreche was ich keiner halte' (I promise what I cannot keep), while the young woman on the right is shown saying 'Er wird schon kommen' (He will soon come to me)."

Schikaneder is known to history as the librettist and impresario of Mozart's opera The Magic Flute, written in 1791. In 1780, he had brought his theatrical trouple to Salzburg for an extended stay, and during this time befriended the Mozart family. He is recorded as participating in Bölzlschiessen with them, and the target that portrayed him was based on his reputation as a womanizer. According to Schroeder it shows him "trifling with one woman while another waits patiently for him to come to her."[10]

Anonymous

While away on his job hunting trip, Wolfgang wrote to his father specifying the form of Bölzlschiessen target he would like the family to use during his absence.

Concerning the targets, if it is not too late, please do this for me. A small man with light hair, stooped over, revealing his bare arse. From his mouth come the words, good appetite for the feast. The other man should be shown with boots and spurs, a red cloak and a splendid, fashionable wig. He must be of medium height, and precisely in the position that he can lick the other man's arse. From his mouth come the words: oh, there's nothing to top that. So, please, if it can't be this time, another time.[11]

Schroeder suggests that one of the men portrayed may have been the Mozarts' employer, Archbishop Colloredo.[10] Halliwell hypothesizes that it was Jakob Alois Karl Langenmantel, a functionary in Augsburg who had mocked Mozart for wearing his emblem of knighthood from the Pope (the Order of the Golden Spur; see Mozart and Catholicism).[12]

The action Mozart describes in his letter also is mentioned in his letters to Maria Anna Thekla Mozart and in his musical canons; for discussion, see Mozart and scatology.

Etymology and spelling

In German, Bolz means "bolt", as in the sense of "crossbow bolt". -l is a diminutive suffix, which induces an Umlaut on its stem; hence Bölzl "little bolt, dart". "Schiessen" means "to shoot" or "shooting".

In German usage the word is most often spelled Bölzlschießen, using an Eszett; English-language sources normally use ss instead.

Notes
  1. Anonymous (2005)
  2. Jahn (1889, 54). While touring Europe at age eight, Wolfgang reportedly looked forward to Bölzlschiessen when he got home.
  3. Halliwell (1998, 252–253)
  4. Halliwell (1998, fig. 11)
  5. Halliwell (1998, 252)
  6. See Halliwell (1998, 252), who cites a letter from Leopold to Wolfgang from 4 November 1777.
  7. Translation, by Neal Zaslaw and Emily Anderson, taken from .
  8. Halliwell (1998, fig. 11). Halliwell provides a visual reconstruction of the target, based on a letter written by Leopold to his wife and son, 29 June 1778. The original German reads, "An jedes fromme Gnadenort, dahin ich mich begebe. / Bring ich ex voto etwas mit, für den ich einzig lebe: / Soll dann der Himmel endlich nicht mich arme Seel erhörn? / und für mein Opfer und Gebett mir s' mänchen nicht beschern?"
  9. Halliwell (1998, 253)
  10. Schroeder (1999, 57)
  11. Schroeder (1999, 57). German original (missing last sentence): "Ein kleiner Mensch steht gebückt da und zeigt den bloßen Arsch her. Aus seinem Mund gehen die Worte: Guten Appetit zum Schmaus. Der andere Mensch wird gemacht in Stiefeln und Sporen und mit einer schönen Perücke nach der Mode, er muss von mittlerer Größe sein und wird in der Positur vorgestellt, wie er den andern just im Arsch leckt. Aus seinem Mund gehen die Worte: Ach, da geht man drüber n’aus." (Anonymous 2005)
  12. Halliwell (1998; 244, 252)

References
  • Anonymous (initials "JB") (2005?). "Mozart als Schütze und Billardspieler" ("Mozart as target shooter and billiard player"). In German. Posted on the web site of the newspaper Traunsteiner Tagblatt. .
  • Halliwell, Ruth (1998) The Mozart Family: Four Lives in a Social Context. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
  • Jahn, Otto (1889). W. A. Mozart, erster Theil. Leipzig: Breitkopf und Härtel. .
  • Schroeder, David P. (1999) Mozart in revolt: strategies of resistance, mischief, and deception. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-07542-1
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