BBCH-scale (peanut)

In biology, the BBCH-scale for peanut describes the phenological development of peanuts using the BBCH-scale.

The phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of peanuts are:

Growth stageCodeDescription
0: Germination 00Dry seed
01Beginning of seed imbibition
03Seed imbibition complete
05Radicle emerged from seed
07Hypocotyl with cotyledons breaking through seed coat
08Hypocotyl reaches the soil surface; hypocotyl arch visible
09Emergence: hypocotyl with cotyledons arising above soil surface (“cracking stage”)
1: Leaf development (main shoot) 10Cotyledons completely unfolded1
11First true leaf (pinnate) unfolded1
122nd true leaf (pinnate) unfolded1
133rd true leaf (pinnate) unfolded1
1 .Stages continuous till ...
199 or more true leaves unfolded.1 No side shoots visible2
2: Formation of side shoots3 211st side shoot visible
222nd side shoot visible
233rd side shoot visible
2 .Stages continuous till ...
299 or more side shoots visible
3: Main stem elongation (Crop cover) 31Beginning of crop cover: 10% of plants meets between rows
3220% of plants meets between rows
3330% of plants meets between rows
3440% of plants meets between rows
3550% of plants meets between rows
3660% of plants meets between rows
3770% of plants meets between rows
3880% of plants meets between rows
39Crop cover complete: 90% of plants meets between rows
5: Inflorescence emergence 51First inflorescence buds visible
55First individual flower buds visible
59First flower petals visible. Flower buds still closed
6: Flowering 61Beginning of flowering
62First carpophore pegs visible
63Continuation of flowering
64First carpophore pegs visibly elongated
65Full flowering
66First carpophore pegs penetrating the soil
67Flowering declining4
68Tip of first carpophore pegs growing horizontally in the soil
69End of flowering4
7: Development of fruits and seeds 71Beginning of pod development: tip of first carpophore pegs swollen (at least twice the original diameter)
73Continuation of pod development: beginning of pod filling: first pods have attained final size and are ripening
75Main phase of pod development: continuation of pod filling
77Advanced pod filling
79Fresh seeds fill the cavity of the pods which have attained their final size
8: Ripening of fruits and seeds5 81Beginning of ripening: about 10% of pods developed to final size are ripe
82About 20% of pods developed to final size are ripe
83Continuation of ripening: about 30% of pods developed to final size are ripe
84About 40% of pods developed to final size are ripe
85Main phase of ripening: about 50% of pods developed to final size are ripe
86About 60% of pods developed to final size are ripe
87Advanced ripening: about 70% of pods developed to final size are ripe
88About 80% of pods developed to final size are ripe
89Full maturity: nearly all pods developed to final size are ripe
9: Senescence 91About 10% of above ground parts of plant dry
92About 40% of above ground parts of plant dry
93About 30% of above ground parts of plant dry
94About 40% of above ground parts of plant dry
95About 50% of above ground parts of plant dry
96About 60% of above ground parts of plant dry
97Above ground parts of plant dead
99Harvested product

1 Leaves are counted from the cotyledon node (= node 0)
2 Side shoot development may occur earlier; in this case continue with principal growth stage 2
4 Only for varieties with a determinate flowering period
5 Criteria of maturity: Pericarp hard, with distinct texture, can be split open easily;

References

  • Munger, L.; H. Bleiholder; H. Hack; M. Hess; R. Stauss; T. van den Boom; E. Weber (1998). "Phenological Growth Stages of the Peanut plant (Arachis hypogaea L.) Codification and Description according to the BBCH Scale – with figures". Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science. 180 (2): 101–107. doi:10.1111/j.1439-037X.1998.tb00377.x.
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