BBCH-scale (sunflower)

The BBCH-scale (sunflower) identifies the phenological development stages of the sunflower (Helianthus annuus). It is a plant species specific version of the BBCH-scale.

Phenological growth stages and BBCH-identification keys of sunflower
Code Description
Principal growth stage 0: Germination
00Dry seed (achene)
01Beginning of seed imbibition
03Seed imbibition complete
05Radicle emerged from seed
06Radicle elongated, root hairs developing
07Hypocotyl with cotyledons emerged from seed
08Hypocotyl with cotyledons growing towards soil surface
09Emergence: cotyledons emerge through soil surface
Principal growth stage 1: Leaf development1
10Cotyledons completely unfolded
122 leaves (first pair) unfolded
144 leaves (second pair) unfolded
155 leaves unfolded
166 leaves unfolded
177 leaves unfolded
188 leaves unfolded
199 or more leaves unfolded
Principal growth stage 3: Stem elongation
30Beginning of stem elongation
311 visibly extended internode
322 visibly extended internodes
333 visibly extended internodes
3 .Stages continuous till ...
399 or more visibly extended internodes
Principal growth stage 5: Inflorescence emergence
51Inflorescence just visible between youngest leaves
53Inflorescence separating from youngest leaves, bracts distinguishable from foliage leaves
55Inflorescence separated from youngest foliage leaf
57Inflorescence clearly separated from foliage leaves
59Ray florets visible between the bracts; inflorescence still closed
Principal growth stage 6: Flowering
61Beginning of flowering: ray florets extended, disc florets visible in outer third of inflorescence
63Disc florets in outer third of inflorescence in bloom (stamens and stigmata visible)
65Full flowering: disc florets in middle third of inflorescence in bloom (stames and stigmata visible)
67Flowering declining: disc florets in inner third of inflorescence in bloom (stames and stigmata visible)
69End of flowering: most disc florets have finished flowering, ray florets dry or fallen
Principal growth stage 7: Development of fruit
71Seeds on outer edge of the inflorescence are grey and have reached final size
73Seeds on outer third of the inflorescence are grey and have reached final size
75Seeds on middle third of the inflorescence are grey and have reached final size
79Seeds on inner third of the inflorescence are grey and have reached final size
Principal growth stage 8: Ripening
80Beginning of ripening: seeds on outer third of anthocarp black and hard.
Back of anthocarp still green
81Seeds on outer third of anthocarp dark and hard.

Back of anthocarp still green

83Dark of anthocarp yellowish-green, bracts still green.

Seeds about 50% dry matter

85Seeds on middle third of anthocarp dark and hard.

Back of anthocarp yellow, bracts brown edged.
Seeds about 60% dry matter

87Physiological ripeness: back of the anthocarp yellow.

Bracts marbled brown. Seeds about 75–80% dry matter

89Fully ripe: seeds on inner third of anthocarp dark and hard.

Back of anthocarp brown. Bracts brown.
Seeds about 85% dry matter

Principal growth stage 9:
92Over ripe, seeds over 90% dry matter
97Plant dead and dry
99Harvested product

1 Stem elongation may occur earlier than stage 19; in this case continue with the principal stage 3

References

  • Lancashire, P.D.; H. Bleiholder; P. Langeluddecke; R. Stauss; T. van den Boom; E. Weber; A. Witzen-Berger (1991). "A uniform decimal code for growth stages of crops and weeds". Ann. Appl. Biol. 119 (3): 561–601. doi:10.1111/j.1744-7348.1991.tb04895.x.
  • Weber, E.; H. Bleiholder (1990). "Erläuterungen zu den BBCH-Dezimal-Codes für die Entwicklungsstadien von Mais, Raps, Faba-Bohne, Sonnenblume und Erbse - mit Abbildungen". Gesunde Pflanzen. 42: 308–321.
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