Barbados threadsnake

The Barbados threadsnake (Tetracheilostoma carlae) is a species of threadsnake. It is the smallest known snake species.[2] This member of the Leptotyphlopidae family is found on the Caribbean island of Barbados. It has been reported to be on the islands of Antigua and Barbuda.

Barbados thread snake
An adult Barbados threadsnake on an American quarter dollar
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Suborder: Serpentes
Family: Leptotyphlopidae
Genus: Tetracheilostoma
Species:
T. carlae
Binomial name
Tetracheilostoma carlae
Hedges, 2008[2]
Synonyms[3]
  • Leptotyphlops carlae
    Hedges, 2008
  • Tetracheilostoma carlae
    — Adalsteinsson et al., 2009
  • Leptotyphlops carlae
    — Lillywhite, 2014
  • Tetracheilostoma carlae
    — Wallach et al., 2014

The snake was first identified as a separate species in 2008 by S. Blair Hedges, a herpetologist from Pennsylvania State University.[4] Hedges named the new species of snake in honor of his wife, Carla Ann Hass, a herpetologist who was part of the discovery team.[5][6] Specimens already existed in reference collections in the London Natural History Museum and in a museum in California, but they had been incorrectly identified to belong to another species.[2]

At the time of publication, August 2008, T. carlae was described as the snake species with the smallest adults in the world.[7][8] The first scientific specimens taken by the research team were found under rocks in a forest. The snake is thought to be near the lower size limit for snakes, as young snakes need to attain a certain minimum size to find suitable food.[8]

Description
The size of mother-to-offspring of large species of snakes (left) compared to small species such as L. carlae (right)
Tetracheilostoma carlae

The average length of Tetracheilostoma carlae adults is approximately 10 cm, (3.94 inches), with the largest specimen found to date measuring 10.4 cm (4.09 inches).[2] The snakes are said by Hedges to be "about as wide as a spaghetti noodle.[4] The photograph above shows L. carlae on a quarter dollar, a coin with a diameter of 24.26 mm (0.955 inches). The specimen weighed 0.6 grams.[9]

T. carlae is thought to feed primarily on a diet of termites and ant larvae.[8] Threadsnakes are oviparous, laying eggs to reproduce. The female of this snake species produces only one large egg at a time. The emerging offspring is about half the length of the mother.[8]

Small species of snake such as T. carlae have relatively large new-born offspring compared to adults. The offspring of the largest snakes are only one-tenth the length of an adult, whereas offspring of the smallest snakes typically are one-half the length of an adult (see figure below). The tiny snakes produce only one, massive egg—relative to the size of the mother.

Conservation status

Little is known about the ecology, abundance, or distribution of this species.[2] Essentially, Barbados has no original forest remaining, however, this native species very likely requires a forest habitat for survival since it evolved in the presence of forests.[2] Based on the small number of known specimens and its distribution apparently being restricted to eastern Barbados, the continued survival of the species is a concern.

See also

References
  1. Daltry, J.C., Powell, R. & Henderson, R.W. 2016. Tetracheilostoma carlae (errata version published in 2017). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T203637A115351519. https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T203637A2769298.en. Downloaded on 26 July 2018.
  2. Hedges, S. Blair (August 4, 2008). "At the lower size limit in snakes: two new species of threadsnakes (Squamata: Leptotyphlopidae: Leptotyphlops) from the Lesser Antilles" (PDF). Zootaxa. 1841: 1–30. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1841.1.1. Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  3. "Tetracheilostoma carlae ". The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
  4. Dunham, Will. Reuters UK (3 August 2008). (See: ¶ 5)"World's smallest snake is as thin as spaghetti". Reuters. 2008-08-03. Archived from the original on September 2, 2008. Retrieved August 4, 2008.
  5. Turner, Alice (August 3, 2008). "World's Smallest Snake Discovered on the Caribbean Island of Barbados". eFluxMedia. Archived from the original on 6 August 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-04.
  6. Beolens, Bo; Watkins, Michael; Grayson, Michael (2011). The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. xiii + 296 pp. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5. (Leptotyphlops carlae, p. 48).
  7. Brahic, Catherine (August 3, 2008). "World's smallest snake discovered". New Scientist. Archived from the original on 1 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
  8. Kennedy, Barbara K. "World's smallest snake found in Barbados". Penn State University. Archived from the original on 5 September 2008. Retrieved 2008-08-03.
  9. https://mapress.com/zootaxa/2008/f/zt01841p030.pdf
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