Benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer

A Benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (Benchtop NMR spectrometer) refers to a Fourier transform nuclear magnetic resonance (FT-NMR) spectrometer that is significantly more compact and portable than the conventional equivalents, such that it is portable and can reside on a laboratory benchtop. This convenience comes from using permanent magnets, which have a lower magnetic field and decreased sensitivity compared to the much larger and more expensive cryogen cooled superconducting NMR magnets. Instead of requiring dedicated infrastructure, rooms and extensive installations these benchtop instruments can be placed directly on the bench in a lab and moved as necessary (e.g., to the fumehood). These spectrometers offer improved workflow, even for novice users, as they are simpler and easy to use. They differ from relaxometers in that they can be used to measure high resolution NMR spectra and are not limited to the determination of relaxation or diffusion parameters (e.g., T1, T2 and D).

Magnet development

This first generation of NMR spectrometers used large Electromagnets weighing hundreds of kilograms or more. Slightly smaller permanent magnet systems were developed in the 1960s-70s at proton resonance frequencies at 60 and 90 MHz and were widely used for chemical analysis using continuous wave methods but these permanent magnets still weighed hundreds of kilograms and could not be placed on a benchtop. Superconducting magnets were developed to achieve stronger magnetic fields for higher resolution and increased sensitivity. However, these superconducting magnets are expensive, large, and require specialized building facilities.[1] In addition, the cryogens needed for the superconductors are hazardous, and represent an ongoing maintenance cost.[2][3] As a result, these instruments are usually installed in dedicated NMR rooms or facilities for use by multiple research groups.

Since the early 2000s there has been a renaissance in permanent-magnet technology and design,[4] with advances sufficient to allow development of much smaller NMR instruments with useful resolution and sensitivity for education, research and industrial applications.[5] Samarium–cobalt and neodymium magnets in particular are strong enough for instruments up to 90 MHz. These smaller designs, which operate with magnet temperatures from room temperature to 60°C, allow instruments to be made small enough to fit on a lab bench, and safe to operate in a typical lab environment. They require only single phase local power and with UPS systems can be made portable and can perform NMR analyses at different points in the manufacturing area.

Disadvantage of Small-Size Magnets and Method to Overcome It

One of the biggest disadvantages of low-field (0.3-1.5T) NMR spectrometers is the temperature dependence of the permanent magnets used to produce the main magnetic field. For small magnets there was a concern that the intensity of external magnetic fields may adversely affect the main field, however the use of magnetic shielding materials inside the spectrometer eliminates this problem. The currently available spectrometers are easily moved from one location to another, including some that are mounted on portable trolleys with continuous power supplies.[6] Another related difficulty is that currently available spectrometers do not support elevated sample temperatures which may be required for some in-situ measurements in chemical reactions.

A recent paper suggests that a special experimental setup, with two or more coils and synchronous oscillators, may help overcome this problem [7] and allow it to work with unstable magnetic fields and with affordable oscillators.

Applications

NMR spectroscopy can be used for chemical analysis,[8][9] reaction monitoring,[10] and quality assurance/quality control experiments. Higher-field instruments enable unparalleled resolution for structure determination, particularly for complex molecules. Cheaper, more robust, and more versatile medium and low field instruments have sufficient sensitivity and resolution for reaction monitoring and QA/QC analyses.[1] As such permanent magnet technology offers the potential to extend the accessibility and availability of NMR to institutions that do not have access to super-conducting spectrometers (e.g., beginning undergraduates[11] or small-businesses).

Many automated applications utilizing multivariate statistical analyses (chemometrics) approaches to derive structure-property and chemical and physical property correlations between 60 MHz 1H NMR spectra and primary analysis data particularly for petroleum and petrochemical process control applications have been developed over the past decade.[12][13]

Available Benchtop NMR Spectrometers

Development of this new class of spectrometers began in the mid-2000s leaving this one of the last molecular spectroscopy techniques to be made available for the benchtop.

Spinsolve

New Zealand- and Germany-based Magritek's Spinsolve instrument, operating at 80 MHz,[14] 60 MHz[15] and 42.5 MHz, offers very good sensitivity and resolution less than 0.5 Hz and weighs under 73 kg, 60 kg and 55 kg respectively. The ULTRA model[16] has an even higher resolution of 0.2 Hz with a lineshape of 0.2 Hz/ 6 Hz/ 12 Hz comparable to high field NMR specifications. 1D Proton, 19F Fluorine, 13C Carbon and 31P Phosphorus as well as T1, T2 and 2D HETCOR, HMBC, HMQC, COSY and JRES spectra can be measured. The magnet is stabilised with an external lock, which means it does not require the use of deuterated solvents. Samples are measured using standard 5 mm NMR tubes and the spectrometer is controlled through an external computer where standard NMR data collection and processing takes place.

picoSpin

In 2009, picoSpin LLC, based in Boulder, Colorado, launched the first benchtop NMR spectrometer with the picoSpin 45. A small (7 x 5.75 x 11.5”) 45 MHz spectrometer with good resolution (< 1.8 Hz) and mid-to-low-range sensitivity that weighs 4.76 kg (10.5 lbs) and can acquire a 1D 1H or 19F spectra. PicoSpin was acquired by Thermo Fisher Scientific in December 2012, and subsequently renamed the product Thermo Scientific picoSpin 45.[17] Instead of the traditional static 5 mm NMR tubes, the picoSpin 45 spectrometer uses a flow-through system that requires sample injection into a 1/16” PTFE and quartz capillary. Deuterated solvents are optional due to the presence of a software lock. It needs only a web browser on any external computer or mobile device for control as the spectrometer has a built-in web server board; no installed software on a dedicated PC is required. In August 2013 a second version was introduced, the Thermo Scientific picoSpin 80, that operates at 82 MHz with a resolution of 1.2 Hz and ten times the sensitivity of the original picoSpin 45.

NMReady

Calgary, AB, Canada based Nanalysis Corp offers two NMReady 60 MHz benchtop NMR instruments that weigh 25 kg. The spectrometers are all-in-one units, controlled by a touchscreen computer that is contained within the same enclosure as the magnet. The NMReady 60e model performs 1D 1H and 19F experiments as well as T1, T2, JRES and COSY. In addition, the NMReady 60Pro is a dual nuclei instrument that can also be tuned to 13C, 31P, 11B, and 7Li and perform DEPT, HSQC, HMBC, with options for additional experiments like signal suppression. The magnet is stabilized with an internal 2H lock so the use of deuterated solvents is recommended but not required. These spectrometers offer resolution < 1.2 Hz, use standard 5 mm NMR tubes, and are compatible with most third-party software suites.

In late 2020, Nanalysis made the 100e and the 100PRO models available. They offer 1D and 1D+2D modes, at 100 MHz, and 2.35 T. The machine weights about 25 kg[18][19]

X-Pulse / Pulsar

In 2019, Oxford Instruments launched a new 60 MHz spectrometer called X-Pulse.[20] This instrument is a significant improvement on the previous Pulsar system, launched in 2013. X-Pulse has the highest, as standard, resolution (<0.35 Hz / 10Hz) of the currently available benchtop, cryogen-free NMR analysers. It incorporates a 60 MHz rare-earth permanent magnet. X-Pulse is the only benchtop NMR system to offer a full broadband X channel for the allowing the measurement of 1H,19F, 13C, 31P, 7Li, 29Si, 11B and 23Na on a single probe. A large range of 1D and 2D measurements can be performed on all nuclei, 1D spectra, T1, T2, HETCOR, COSY, HSQC, HMBC, JRES, and many others including solvent suppression and selective excitation. X-Pulse also has options for flow NMR and a variable temperature probe allowing the measurement of samples in NMR tubes at temperatures from 20°C to 60°C. The magnet and spectrometer are in two separate boxes with the magnet weighing 149 kg[21] and the electronics weighing 22 kg. X-Pulse requires a standard mains electrical supply and uses standard 5mm NMR tubes. Instrument control comes from the SpinFlow workflow package, while the processing and manipulation of data is achieved using third-party NMR software suites. Pulsar instruments were discontinued in 2019 following the launch of X-Pulse.

Bruker

In 2019, Bruker, a long time manufaturer and market leader of high performance NMR machines, introduced a Benchtop NMR, Fourier 80 FT-NMR. The machine uses permanent magnets, and operates using Bruker standard software (a full futured TopSpin 4 software for Windows and Linux; as well Python based API from Windows and Linux; and a simplified app called GoScan). Machine can be configured for 1H and 13C spectra (possibly more by a custom order) in 1D and 2D modes, and operates at 80 MHz (1.88 T). The machine weighs about 93 kg and consumes less than 300W when operating.[22]

References
  1. Dalitz, F., Cudaj, M. Maiwald, M., Guthausen, G. Prog. Nuc. Mag. Res. Spec. 2012, 60, 52-70
  2. Tuttle, Brad. "Helium Prices Hit the Roof, Leaving Balloon Sales Deflated". Business.time.com. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  3. DiChristina, Mariette. "The coming shortage of helium". Blogs.scientificamerican.com. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  4. Danieli E., Mauler J., Perlo J., Blümich B., Casanova F., J Mag. Res 2009, 198 (1), 80–87
  5. Danieli E., Perlo J., Blümich B., Casanova F., Angewandte Chemie 2010, 49 (24), 4133–4135
  6. "Mobile Spinsolve Benchtop NMR Spectrometer Facilitates Undergraduate Teaching | Magritek". www.magritek.com. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
  7. Ibragimova, Elena; Ibragimov, Ilgis (2017). "The ELEGANT NMR Spectrometer". arXiv:1706.00237 [physics.ins-det].
  8. Jacobsen, N. E., “NMR Spectroscopy Explained: Simplified Theory, Applications and Examples for Organic Chemistry and Structural Biology” 2007, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.: Hoboken, New Jersey
  9. Friebolin, H. “Basic One- and Two-Dimensional NMR Spectroscopy” 5th Edition 2011, Wiley-VCH: Germany
  10. Berger, S; Braun, S.; “200 and more NMR Experiments: A Practical Course” 2004 Wiley-VCH: Germany
  11. "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2013-08-21. Retrieved 2013-06-10.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  12. “Process NMR Spectroscopy: Technology and On-line Applications” John C. Edwards, and Paul J. Giammatteo, Chapter 10 in Process Analytical Technology: Spectroscopic Tools and Implementation Strategies for the Chemical and Pharmaceutical Industries, 2nd Ed., Editor Katherine Bakeev, Blackwell-Wiley, 2010
  13. “A Review of Applications of NMR Spectroscopy in Petroleum Chemistry” John C. Edwards, Chapter 16 in Monograph 9 on Spectroscopic Analysis of Petroleum Products and Lubricants, Editor: Kishore Nadkarni, ASTM Books, 2011.
  14. Magritek. "Spinsolve 80 Benchtop NMR Brochure Download". Go.magritek.com. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
  16. Magritek. "Spinsolve ULTRA Benchtop NMR Brochure Download". Go.magritek.com. Retrieved 2017-08-06.
  17. "Thermo Fisher Scientific Corporate Newsroom". News.thermofisher.com. Retrieved 28 October 2018.
  18. "NMR Spectrometers - NMR Spectroscopy - Labrotek Ltd". Labrotek. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  19. "100 MHz Benchtop NMR - multinuclear". Benchtop NMR. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
  20. "X-Pulse is the world's first benchtop NMR system to offer true multinuclear capability - Magnetic Resonance". Oxford Instruments. Retrieved 2020-02-18.
  21. "Oxford Pulsar Specification Sheet" (PDF). Acs.expoplanner.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-08-07.
  22. "Benchtop NMR | Spectrometer | Nuclear Magnetic Resonance". Bruker.com. Retrieved 12 August 2020.
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