Bettiah Raj

Bettiah Raj was the second-largest princely estate in the region of India now known as Bihar. It generated annual land revenue rentals of more than 2 million rupees.[1]

History

Before British rule

Gangeswar Deo, a Brahmin of Jaitharia clan, popularly known as Jaitharia Brahmin. Gangeswar Deo descendants are among the present day Kashyap Gotra of Brahmins and a branch of this clan also set up residence at a place called Jaithar Saran near Champaran,[2] later moved east and established a state at Bettiah in Bihar. They were known as Bhumihar Brahmin. Bettiah Raj was the oldest in the region and had also been a branch of Raj Riyasat Sirkar of Champaran since the 16th century (the time of Shah Jahan) when the raja of Bettiah was Ugrasen Singh.[3] Both the Madhuban Raj and Sheohar estates had broken off from Bettiah Raj.[3] even then making it the largest zamindari in Bihar.

During the Bettiah Raj of Bihar, the ethnoreligious community of Bettiah Christians descended from upper-caste Hindu and Muslim converts to Christianity was established in India by missionaries belonging to the Order of Friars Minor Capuchin, a Roman Catholic religious order.[4] It is one of the northern Indian subcontinent's oldest Christian communities that was founded after Maharaja Dhurup Singh requested Joseph Mary Bernini to heal his ill wife of a severe illness and was said to be successful in doing so.[4][5] The Bettiah Christian Mission flourished under the blessing of Pope Benedict XIV and the patronage of the royal court of the Bettiah Rajas, growing in number.[4]

Under the East India Company

In 1765, when the East India Company acquired the Diwani Bettiah Raj held the largest territory under its jurisdiction.[3] It consisted of all of Champaran except for a small portion held by the Ram Nagar Raj (held by Bhumihars).[3] Bettiah Raj also came into being as a result of mallikana chaudharai and quanungoi, the connection with the revenue administration building on local dominance and the capability of controlling and protecting hundreds of villages.[3] Internal disputes and family quarrels divided the Raj in course of time.[3] Madhuban Raj was created as a consequence.[3]

Under the British Raj

The last zamindar was Harendra Kishore Singh, who was born in 1854 and succeeded his father, Rajendra Kishore Singh in 1883. In 1884, he received the title of Maharaja Bahadur as a personal distinction and a Khilat and a sanad from the Lieutenant Governor of Bengal, Sir Augustus Rivers Thompson. He was created a Knight Commander of the Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire on 1 March 1889. He was appointed a member of the Legislative Council of Bengal in January 1891. He was also a member of The Asiatic Society[6] He was the last ruler of Bettiah Raj.

Maharaja Sir Harendra Kishore Singh Bahadur died issueless on 26 March 1893 leaving behind him two widows, Maharani Sheo Ratna Kunwar and Maharani Janki Kunwar. Maharani Sheo Ratna Kunwar who succeeded to the estate of Maharaja Harendra Kishore Singh on his death as his senior widow died on 24 March 1896 and on her death Maharani Janki Kunwar became entitled to the possession of the estate. Since it was found that Maharani Janki Kunwar was not able to administer the estate, its management was taken over by the Court of Wards, Bihar in 1897. Maharani Janki Kunwar who was a limited holder of the estate died on 27 November 1954.[7]

The Bettiah Raj forests were managed for timber production. Bihar state government took over management of the Bettiah Raj forests in 1953 and 1954 under the Bihar Private Protected Forests Act (1947). Valmiki National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary include portion of the former Bettiah Raj estate.[8]

Bettiah Raj and music

The Bettiah Gharana is one of the three (others being Darbhanga Gharana, and Dumraon Gharana) oldest style of Dhrupad vocal song from the state of Bihar.[9]

See also

References
  1. Yang, Anand A. (1999). Bazaar India: Markets, Society, and the Colonial State in Bihar. University of California Press. p. 69. ISBN 978-0-520-21100-1.
  2. Lethbridge, R. (2005). The Golden Book of India: A Genealogical and Biographical Dictionary of the Ruling Princes, Chiefs, Nobles, and Other Personages, Titled Or Decorated of the Indian Empire. Aakar Books. p. 67. ISBN 978-81-87879-54-1. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  3. Ram, Bindeshwar (1998). Land and society in India: agrarian relations in colonial North Bihar. Orient Blackswan. ISBN 978-81-250-0643-5.
  4. John, Jose Kalapura (2000). Proceedings of the Indian History Congress, Vol. 61. Indian History Congress. p. 1011-1022.
  5. "Bihar Christians have fostered faith harmony 250 years". Union of Catholic Asian News. 6 November 1995. Retrieved 14 November 2020. Cherubim John, a writer and historian, said the Bettiah community began after Italian Capuchin Father Joseph Mary Bernini cured the local queen of an "incurable" illness. The king donated 16 hectares of land later known as the "Christian Quarters" to the Capuchins. The king allowed Father Bernini, who was on his way to Tibet, to preach, and helped build a church next to his palace.
  6. "Full text of "Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal"". Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  7. Lethbridge, Sir Roper (2005). The golden book of India: a genealogical and biographical dictionary of the ruling princes, chiefs, nobles, and other personages, titled or decorated of the Indian empire. Aakar Books. p. 584. ISBN 978-81-87879-54-1.
  8. "Valmiki Sanctuary", Bihar Environment and Forest Department. Accessed 27 September 2014
  9. "Many Bihari artists ignored by SPIC MACAY". The Times of India. 13 October 2001. Retrieved 16 March 2009.
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