Budesonide

Budesonide (BUD), sold under the brand name Pulmicort among others, is a medication of the corticosteroid type.[1] It is available as an inhaler, pill, nasal spray, and rectal forms.[1][2] The inhaled form is used in the long-term management of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).[1][3][4] The nasal spray is used for allergic rhinitis and nasal polyps.[2][5] The pills in a delayed release form and rectal forms may be used for inflammatory bowel disease including Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis, and microscopic colitis.[6][7][8]

Budesonide
Clinical data
Trade namesPulmicort, Rhinocort, Entocort, others
AHFS/Drugs.comMonograph
MedlinePlusa608007
License data
Pregnancy
category
  • AU: A / B3
Routes of
administration		By mouth, nasal, tracheal, rectal, inhalation
ATC code
Legal status
Legal status
  • AU: S2 (Pharmacy medicine) / S4
  • CA: ℞-only
  • UK: POM (Prescription only)
  • US: OTC / Rx-only
  • EU: Rx-only
Pharmacokinetic data
Bioavailability10-20% (first pass effect)
Protein binding85-90%
MetabolismLiver CYP3A4
Elimination half-life2.0-3.6 hours
ExcretionUrine, feces
Identifiers
CAS Number
PubChem CID
DrugBank
ChemSpider
UNII
KEGG
ChEMBL
PDB ligand
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
ECHA InfoCard100.051.927
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC25H34O6
Molar mass430.541 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
 NY (what is this?)  (verify)

Common side effects with the inhaled form include respiratory infections, cough, and headaches.[1] Common side effects with the pills include feeling tired, vomiting, and joint pains.[1] Serious side effects include an increased risk of infection, loss of bone strength, and cataracts.[1] Long-term use of the pill form may cause adrenal insufficiency.[1] Stopping the pills suddenly following long-term use may therefore be dangerous.[1] The inhaled form is generally safe in pregnancy.[1] Budesonide is mainly acting as a glucocorticoid.[1]

Budesonide was initially patented in 1973.[9] Commercial use as an asthma medication began in 1981.[10] It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.[11] Some forms are available as a generic medication.[12] In 2019, generic budesonide was listed as involved in Teva's price fixing scheme in the United States.[13] In 2017, it was the 190th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than three million prescriptions.[14][15]

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, doctors and researchers observed that patients already prescribed inhaled corticosteroids appeared to develop less serious illness when diagnosed with COVID-19, despite often having conditions such as asthma that might be thought to lead to more serious illness. In June 2020, UK and Australian researchers began a UK-based trial of budesonide as an early-intervention treatment for COVID-19, with results expected in September of that year.

Medical uses

Asthma

Budesonide is given by metered-dose inhaler or nebulizer for maintenance and prophylactic treatment of asthma, including patients who require oral corticosteroids and those who may benefit from a systemic dose reduction.[16]

Inflammatory bowel disease

Formulations of delayed-release budesonide are an effective treatment for mild-to-moderately active Crohn's disease involving the ileum and/or ascending colon.[17] A Cochrane review found evidence for up to three months (but not longer) of maintenance of remission in Crohn's disease.[18]

Budesonide assists in the induction of remission in people with active ulcerative colitis.[19]

Budesonide is highly effective and recommended as the drug of choice in microscopic colitis, for induction and maintenance of remission, and for both the lymphocytic colitis and collagenous colitis forms.[20]

Allergic rhinitis

Budesonide in the form of nasal sprays is a treatment for allergic rhinitis.[21]

Eosinophilic esophagitis

Topical budesonide has considerable effects in eosinophilic esophagitis.[22] For this use, it is formulated as a tablet that disperses in the mouth, and sold under the trade name Jorveza.[23]

Side effects

Budesonide may cause:[24][25]

  • Nose irritation or burning
  • Bleeding or sores in the nose
  • Lightheadedness
  • Upset stomach
  • Cough
  • Hoarseness
  • Dry mouth
  • Rash
  • Sore throat
  • Bad taste in mouth
  • Change in mucus
  • Blurred vision[26]

In addition, the following symptoms should be reported immediately:

  • Difficulty breathing, or swelling of the face
  • White patches in the throat, mouth, or nose
  • Irregular menstrual periods
  • Severe acne
  • On rare occasions, behavioral changes (mostly affecting children)[24]

Contraindications

Budesonide is contraindicated as a primary treatment of status asthmaticus or other acute episode of asthma where intensive measures are required.[27] It is also contraindicated for patients who have hypersensitivity to budesonide.[28]

Interactions

Those taking tablets or capsules orally should avoid grapefruit and grapefruit juice[29][30] and echinacea.[31]

  • Grapefruit juice may double bioavailability of oral budesonide.
  • Echinacea diminishes bioavailability.

Also, high-fat meals delay absorption but do not impede absorption.[32]

Pharmacology

Budesonide is an agonist of glucocorticoid receptors. Among its effects are:

Pharmacokinetics
  • Onset of action: Nebulization: 2–8 days; Inhalation: 24 hours; Nasal: 10 hours
  • Peak effect: Nebulization: 4–6 weeks; Inhalation: 1–2 weeks
  • Distribution: 2.2-3.9 L/kg
  • Protein binding: 85% to 90%
  • Metabolism: Hepatic via CYP3A4 to two metabolites: 16 alpha-hydroxyprednisolone and 6 beta-hydroxybudesonide; minor activity
  • Bioavailability: Limited by high first-pass effect; Capsule: 9% to 21%; Nebulization: 6%; Inhalation: 6% to 13%
  • Half-life elimination: 2–3.6 hours
  • Time to peak: Capsule: 0.5–10 hours (variable in Crohn's disease); Nebulization: 10–30 minutes; Inhalation: 1–2 hours; Tablet: 7.4-19.2 hours
  • Excretion: urine (60%) and feces as metabolites.

Chemistry
See also: List of corticosteroids and List of corticosteroid cyclic ketals

Budesonide, also known as 11β,21-dihydroxy-16α,17α-(butylidenebis(oxy))pregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione, is a synthetic pregnane steroid and non-halogenated cyclic ketal corticosteroid.[35][36] It is the C16α hydroxyl, C16α,17α cyclic ketal with butyraldehyde derivative of prednisolone (11β,17α,21-trihydroxypregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dione).[35][36]

Stereoisomerism
Budesonide
(2 stereoisomers)

(22R)-configuration
(22S)-configuration

Society and culture

Brand names
Inhaler for a powder based in budesonide and formoterol

Aeronide (TH); Aquacort (DE); B Cort (CO); Bronex (PH); Budair (MY); Budecort DP (MY); Budenofalk (DE, GB, HK, KP, PH, SG); Budeson (AR); Budeson Aqua (AR); BudeSpray (TH); Budiair (KP); Budicort Respules (IL); Budinide (KSA); Bunase (TH); Clebudan (CN); Cortiment (GB); Cycortide (HK); Denecort (PH); Duasma (TW); Eltair (MY); Entocort (AR, AT, BE, BR, CH, CZ, DK, FI, FR, GB, HK, IE, IL, IT, KP, NL, NO, PL, PT, SE, TR);[37] Giona Easyhaler (MY, SG, TH); Inflammide (PE); Miflonid (CZ); Miflonide (BE, DE, IL, IT, NZ, PT); Neumocort (PY); Novopulmon (DE, FR); Pulmicon Susp for Nebulizer (KP); Pulmicort (AT, BE, BG, BR, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CZ, DE, DK, DO, EE, FI, FR, GB, GR, GT, HN, ID, IN, NI, NL, NO, PA, PK, PL, PT, RU, SE, SV, TR, TW, UY, VE, ZA);[37] Pulmicort Nasal Turbohaler (CL, KE, MU, NG); Pulmicort Turbuhaler (KE, MU, NG); Rafton (FR); Rhinocort (AU); Rhinocort Aqua (HK);[38] Rhinoside (GR); Symbicort (FR, US, ZA) Uceris (US).

Research

COVID-19

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, doctors and researchers observed that patients already prescribed inhaled corticosteroids appeared to develop less serious illness when diagnosed with COVID-19, despite often having conditions such as asthma that might be thought to lead to more serious illness.[39][40] Subsequently, the drug was explored as a possible treatment for the disease.[41] In June 2020, UK and Australian researchers began a UK-based trial of budesonide as an early-intervention treatment for COVID-19, with results expected in September of that year.[42]

See also

References
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  2. "Budesonide eent". The American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015. Retrieved 2 December 2015.
  3. De Coster, DA; Jones, M (2014). "Tailoring of corticosteroids in COPD management". Current Respiratory Care Reports. 3 (3): 121–132. doi:10.1007/s13665-014-0084-2. PMC 4113685. PMID 25089228.
  4. Christophi, GP; Rengarajan, A; Ciorba, MA (2016). "Rectal budesonide and mesalamine formulations in active ulcerative proctosigmoiditis: efficacy, tolerance, and treatment approach". Clinical and Experimental Gastroenterology. 9: 125–30. doi:10.2147/CEG.S80237. PMC 4876845. PMID 27274301.
  5. Rudmik, L; Schlosser, RJ; Smith, TL; Soler, ZM (July 2012). "Impact of topical nasal steroid therapy on symptoms of nasal polyposis: a meta-analysis". The Laryngoscope. 122 (7): 1431–7. doi:10.1002/lary.23259. PMID 22410935. S2CID 25637461.
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  7. Pardi DS, Tremaine WJ, Carrasco-Labra A (2016). "American Gastroenterological Association Institute Technical Review on the Medical Management of Microscopic Colitis" (PDF). Gastroenterology. 150 (1): 247–274.e11. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.11.006. PMID 26584602.
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  9. Domeij, Bengt (2000). Pharmaceutical patents in Europe. The Hague: Kluwer Law International. p. 278. ISBN 9789041113481. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
  10. Hamley, Peter (2015). Small Molecule Medicinal Chemistry: Strategies and Technologies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 390. ISBN 9781118771693. Archived from the original on 8 December 2015.
  11. World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019. Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/325771. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
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  13. Murphy, Heather (11 May 2019). "Teva and Other Generic Drugmakers Inflated Prices Up to 1,000%, State Prosecutors Say". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 27 May 2020.
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  20. Pardi, Darrell (2016). "American Gastroenterological Association Institute Technical Review on the Medical Management of Microscopic Colitis". Gastroenterology. 150 (1): 247–274.e11. doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2015.11.006. PMID 26584602.
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  23. UK Drug Information
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