COHO

In a basic sense, MTI systems work by comparing two pulses of a pulse-radar's received signals. Moving targets will shift the "blips" slightly, although this may be too small to see, especially for long-distance radars where the motion of even fast targets may be too small to detect. Instead, MTI subtracts the two signals and then compares the phase of the resulting signal to a reference. Even small motions create phase shifts that can easily be detected by analog phase detectors.

Another problem is that MTI requires the pulses to be stored for the length of the pulse repetition frequency. Analogue devices capable of cleanly storing high-frequency signals in the microwave region are not common, so here the solution was to use a much lower frequency intermediate frequency (IF) signal as the basis for the pulse, feeding this into a frequency multiplier before amplification by a device like a klystron. On reception, the signal path is reversed, producing an output similar to the original IF. This lower frequency can be stored in a number of analog devices like an analog delay line.

This concept works fine for radars using amplifiers like a klystron, which amplify an input signal. However, the cavity magnetron does not work in this fashion; as a consequence of its physical construction, when fed electrical energy it produces a microwave frequency output in a single step. This makes it impossible to use the simple solution used for klystrons. Further complicating matters is that the output of the magnetron varies from pulse to pulse, slightly in frequency and often strongly in phase. As phase differences are used to detect the targets, this makes the device even more difficult to adapt to MTI.

COHO solves these problems by using the output of the magnetron to produce a stable reference signal. It does this by tapping off a small amount of the output using a directional coupler, and then feeding that into the first stages of the receiver. This produces an IF signal that contains the precise phase of the broadcast, typically with outputs in the range of 1 to 60 MHz, suitable for storage in a delay line.

This IF signal is first sent to phase locked loop or similar system, providing an accurate and stable reference signal. This portion of the COHO circuitry is known as the stable oscillator or STALO.

Objects that are visible to the radar will reflect the signal, and the phase of the signal will depend on its precise distance from the antenna. This returned signal is amplified in the IF section as well. The output from this receiver is then compared with the STALO signal in a phase detector. The detector outputs a signal only where the signals differ in phase, which occurs wherever there is an object. The result is a series of short pulses of output. This signal may be used as the video, and may be sent directly to a radar display.

This technique does not itself reveal moving targets, that still requires pulse-to-pulse comparison. This can be accomplished by splitting the output of the phase detector, and sending one half into an acoustic delay line with the same delay time as the pulse repetition frequency. This means the signal from the last pulse will exit the delay at the same time as the next pulse is being received. One of the signals is then inverted, typically from the delay line, and added to the new signal. This results in an output signal only where the two signals changed.

If the target is moving, and thus its exact distance is changing relative to the radar, the phase of the received signal will change from pulse to pulse and will produce a signal in the final video. Non-moving targets will have (roughly) the same phase pulse-to-pulse, and their signal will be eliminated. The velocity of the target along the line-of-sight determines the change in phase pulse-to-pulse, so over a series of pulses, the difference in phase will vary. The rate of variation in phase is the same as the Doppler frequency that would be seen in a fully coherent Doppler radar, and can be used to determine the radial speed of the target.

A significant disadvantage of the COHO design is that it cannot be used in frequency agile radars. Those change their frequency from pulse to pulse, so pulse-comparison techniques like COHO do not work. For these roles, a coherent signal source like a klystron is needed. It is also difficult to change the parameters of the radar like the pulse width or pulse repetition frequency, as the storage devices were typically implemented in mechanical delays that had to be changed, although a small selection of pre-set selections could be used.

COHO was widely used from the early 1950s into the 1960s, but the introduction of increasingly powerful klystrons and newer travelling wave tube systems displaced the magnetron from most military radars by the 1970s. More recent systems based on various solid-state elements are coherent as well. Digital electronics with the performance needed to process and store the signals are now commonplace, allowing COHO-like techniques to be applied to any signal. Independent COHO systems are no longer used except in certain classes of low-cost radars.

• "The COHO". Radar Tutorial.
• "Pseudo-coherent Radar". Radar Tutorial.
• Long, Maurice (2004). Airborne Early Radar Warning System Concepts. SciTech Publishing.