Calculus (disambiguation)
Calculus (from Latin calculus meaning ‘pebble’, plural calculī) in its most general sense is any method or system of calculation.
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Calculus may refer to:
Mathematics
- Infinitesimal calculus (or simply Calculus), which investigate motion and rates of change
- Differential calculus
- Integral calculus
- Non-standard calculus, an approach to infinitesimal calculus using Robinson's infinitesimals
- Calculus of sums and differences (difference operator), also called the finite-difference calculus, a discrete analogue of "calculus"
- Functional calculus, a way to apply various types of functions to operators
- Schubert calculus, a branch of algebraic geometry
- Tensor calculus (also called tensor analysis), a generalization of vector calculus that encompasses tensor fields
- Vector calculus (also called vector analysis), comprising specialized notations for multivariable analysis of vectors in an inner-product space
- Matrix calculus, a specialized notation for multivariable calculus over spaces of matrices
- Numerical calculus (also called numerical analysis), the study of numerical approximations
- Umbral calculus, the combinatorics of certain operations on polynomials
- The calculus of variations, a field of study that deals with extremizing functionals
Logic
- Logical calculus, a formal system that defines a language and rules to derive an expression from premises
- Propositional calculus, specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of propositions
- Predicate calculus, specifies the rules of inference governing the logic of predicates
- Proof calculus, a framework for expressing systems of logical inference
- Sequent calculus, a proof calculus for first-order logic
- Cirquent calculus, a proof calculus based on graph-style structures called cirquents
- Situation calculus, a framework for describing relations within a dynamic system
- Event calculus, a model for reasoning about events and their effects
- Fluent calculus, a model for describing relations within a dynamic system
- Calculus of relations, the manipulation of binary relations with the algebra of sets, composition of relations, and transpose relations
- Epsilon calculus, a logical language which replaces quantifiers with the epsilon operator
- Fitch-style calculus, a method for constructing formal proofs used in first-order logic
- Modal μ-calculus, a common temporal logic used by formal verification methods such as model checking
Physics
- Bondi k-calculus, a method used in relativity theory
- Jones calculus, used in optics to describe polarized light
- Mueller calculus, used in optics to handle Stokes vectors, which describe the polarization of incoherent light
- Operational calculus, used to solve differential equations arising in electronics
Formal language
- Lambda calculus, a formulation of the theory of reflexive functions that has deep connections to computational theory
- Kappa calculus, a reformulation of the first-order fragment of typed lambda calculus
- Rho calculus, introduced as a general means to uniformly integrate rewriting into lambda calculus
- Process calculus, a set of approaches to formulating formal models of concurrent systems
- Ambient calculus, a family of models for concurrent systems based on the concept of agent mobility
- Join calculus, a theoretical model for the design of distributed programming languages
- π-calculus, a formulation of the theory of concurrent, communicating processes
- Relational calculus, a calculus for the relational data model
- Domain relational calculus
- Tuple calculus
- Refinement calculus, a way of refining models of programs into efficient programs
Other meanings
- Calculus (dental), deposits of calcium phosphate salts on teeth, also known as tartar
- Calculus (medicine), a stone formed in the body such as a gall stone or kidney stone
- Battlefield calculus, military calculation of all known factors into the decision-making and action-planning process
- Calculus (spider), a genus of the family Oonopidae
- Caseolus calculus, a genus and species of small land snails
- Professor Calculus, a fictional character in the comic-strip series The Adventures of Tintin
- Calculus of negligence, a legal standard in U.S. tort law to determine if a duty of care has been breached
- Felicific calculus, a procedure to evaluate the benefit of an action, according to Bentham
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