Canadian official war artists
Canadian official war artists create an artistic rendering of war through the media of visual, digital installations, film, poetry, choreography, music, etc., by showing its impact as men and women are shown waiting, preparing, fighting, suffering, celebrating,[1] These traditionally were a select group of artists who were employed on contract, or commissioned to produce specific works during the First World War, the Second World War and select military actions in the post-war period. This group includes members of the still operational Canadian Forces Artist Program.[2]
A war artist will have depicted some aspect of war through art; this might be a pictorial record or it might commemorate how war shapes lives.[3] The devastation of war is depicted in painting and drawing quite differently from what a camera can achieve.
The works produced by war artists illustrate and record many aspects of war, and the individual's experience of war, whether allied or enemy, service or civilian, military or political, social or cultural. The rôle of the artist and his or her work embraces the causes, course and consequences of conflict and it has been primarily an essentially educational purpose, but now is a culturally independent act of witness in contemporary Canada.[3] Official war artists have been appointed by governments for information or propaganda purposes and to record events on the battlefield;[4] but there are many other types of war artist.
First World War
Representative works by Canada's war artists have been gathered into the extensive collection of the Canadian War Museum. In the First World War, Canada developed an official art program under the influence of Lord Beaverbrook. He provided leadership in creating the Canadian War Records Office in London. He also established the Canadian War Memorials Fund which evolved into a collection of war art by artists and sculptors in Britain and Canada. Some of these were considered "official" war artists. For example, the English artist Alfred Munnings was employed as war artist to the Canadian Cavalry Brigade. Munnings painted many scenes, including a mounted portrait of General Jack Seely on his horse Warrior in 1918 (now in the collection of the National Gallery of Canada, Ottawa).[5] Munnings worked on this canvas a few thousand yards from the German front lines. When General Seely's unit was forced into a hasty withdrawal, the artist discovered what it was like to come under shellfire.[6]
Munnings also painted Charge of Flowerdew's Squadron in 1918 (now in the collection of the Canadian War Museum, Ottawa).[7] In what is known as "the last great cavalry charge" at the Battle of Moreuil Wood, Gordon Flowerdew was posthumously awarded the Victoria Cross for leading Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) in a successful engagement with entrenched German forces.[8]
The Canadian Forestry Corps invited Munnings to tour their work camps, and he produced drawings, watercolors and paintings, including Draft Horses, Lumber Mill in the Forest of Dreux in France in 1918.[9] This role of horses was critical and under-reported; and in fact, horse fodder was the single largest commodity shipped to the front by some countries.[10]
The "Canadian War Records Exhibition" at the Royal Academy after war's end included forty-five of Munnings canvasses.[11]
Another example of a war artist embedded with Canadian forces was the Belgian soldier-artist Alfred Bastien whose work is part of the permanent collection of the Canadian War Museum.[12]
Second World War
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The Canadian War Records (CWR) was the name given to Canada's Second World War art program. The CWR produced two kinds of art: field sketches and finished paintings. The War Artists' Committee (WAC) recommended that the artists should attempt to share in the experience of "active operations" in order to "know and understand the action, the circumstances, the environment, and the participants." The ultimate goal was defined as "productions" which were "worthy of Canada's highest cultural traditions, doing justice to History, and as works of art, worthy of exhibition anywhere at any time."[13]
There was a general appreciation of the need to develop what "the camera cannot interpret." The government recognized that "a war so epic in its scope by land, sea and air, and so detailed and complex in its mechanism, requires interpreting [by artists] as well as recording."[2] On the 65th anniversary of D-Day, the war artists were recognized and addressed directly in a Ceremony of Remembrance in the Canadian Senate,
What each of you achieved on the artist's canvas is more profound and more powerful than any words can express.
Recent conflicts
From 1946 to 2014 over 70+ civilian artists have participated in documenting the Canadian Forces. This was initially supported by the Canadian Armed Forces Civilian Artists Program (CAFCAP) and more recently by the Canadian Forces Artist Program headed by Dr. John MacFarlane.[15]
Selected artists
First World War
- Alfred James Munnings, 1878-1959[16]
- John William Beatty, 1869–1941[17]
- Maurice Cullen, 1866–1934[18]
- Kenneth Forbes, 1892–1980[19]
- A. Y. Jackson, 1882–1974[20]
- C.W. Jefferys, 1869–1951[21]
- Wyndham Lewis, 1882–1957[22]
- Arthur Lismer, 1885–1969[20]
- David Milne, 1882–1953[23]
- Charles Walter Simpson, 1878–1942[18]
- Frederick Varley, 1881–1969[18]
Second World War
- Eric Aldwinckle, 1909–1980[24]
- Donald Kenneth Anderson,(1920–2009)[25]
- Caven Atkins (1907–2000)[26]
- Geoffrey Bagley, 1901–1992[27]
- Aba Bayefsky, 1923–2001[28]
- Thomas Harold Beament, 1898–1984[29]
- Alan Brockman Beddoe, 1893–1975[30]
- Bruno Bobak, 1923–2012[31]
- Molly Lamb Bobak, 1922–2014[32]
- Miller Brittain, 1912–1968[33]
- Frank Leonard Brooks, 1911–2011[34]
- Adolphus George Broomfield, 1906–1992[35]
- A. J. Casson, 1898–1992[36]
- Paraskeva Clark, 1898–1986[37]
- Albert Edward Cloutier, 1902–1965[38]
- Alex Colville, 1920–2013[39]
- Charles Fraser Comfort, 1900–1994[40]
- Alma Duncan, 1917–2004[41]
- Orville Norman Fisher, 1911–1999[42]
- Michael Forster (artist), 1907–2002[43]
- Charles Goldhamer, 1903–1985[44]
- Paul Alexander Goranson, 1911-2002[45]
- Lawren P. Harris, 1910–1994[46]
- Robert Stewart Hyndman, 1915–2009[47]
- Pegi Nicol MacLeod, 1904–1949[48]
- Jack Nichols, 1921–2009[49]
- William Abernethy Ogilvie, 1901–1989
- Goodridge Roberts, 1904–1974[50]
- Jack Shadbolt OC OBC, 1909–1998[51]
- George Campbell Tinning, 1910–1996[52]
Recent conflicts
- Edward Zuber, 1932–[53]
- SMSteele, 2008–2010, the first poet to serve as a war artist (Afghanistan)[54]
- Scott Waters, 2003-4, 2012-14[55]
See also
Notes
- Canadian War Museum (CWM), "Australia, Britain and Canada in the Second World War," 2005.
- Tolson, Roger. "A Common Cause: Britain's War Artists Scheme." Canadian War Museum, 2005.
- Imperial War Museum (IWM), About the Imperial War Museum Archived December 5, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- National Archives (UK), "'The Art of War,' Learn About the Art."
- Frost & Reed Archived 2010-11-01 at the Wayback Machine: Munnings biography. Archived 2010-01-22 at the Wayback Machine
- Chew, Peter. "The Painter Who Hated Picasso," Archived 2012-09-09 at Archive.today Smithsonian. October 2006.
- Canadian War Museum: Munnings, Charge of Flowerdew's Squadron (1918). Archived 2011-06-09 at the Wayback Machine
- Lord Strathcona's Horse (Royal Canadians) Society: Archived July 28, 2010, at the Wayback Machine History of Regiment. Archived February 3, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
- Leister Galleries: Munnings.
- Keegan, John (1994). A History of Warfare, p. 308.
- Sir Alfred Munnings Museum: Archived September 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine The Artist.
- Beaverbrook Collection of War Art, Canadian War Museum Artifact Number: 19710261-0093—Canadian Gunners in the Mud, Passchendaele by Lieutenant Alfred Theodore Joseph Bastien, 1917, oil on canvas, Height 61.3 cm, Width 86.5 cm.
- Brandon, Laura. "'Doing Justice to History:' Canada's Second World War Official Art Program." CWM, 2005.
- Robert Stewart Hyndman," Globe and Mail (Toronto). January 9, 2010.
- Brandon, Laura. "A Brush With War" Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine CWM, 2009.
- Canadian War Museum, "Canadian War Museum's Art Collection Treasures: Military Mullins 1917-1918"
- Art Gallery of Ontario, "Canvas of War: Masterpieces from the Canadian War Museum," October 2001–January 2002.
- Davis, Ann. (1992). The Logic of Ecstasy: Canadian Mystical Painting, 1920–1940, p. 30., p. 30, at Google Books
- Morse, Jennifer. "Kenneth Forbes," Legion Magazine. March 1, 1997.
- Brandon, Laura. (2008). Art and War, p. 46., p. 46, at Google Books
- Stacy, Robert. "Jefferys, Charles William," Archived July 20, 2010, at the Wayback Machine Canadian Encyclopedia
- "Wyndham Lewis". Archived from the original on 2011-10-25. Retrieved 2011-10-15.
- Silcox, David P. "Milne, David Brown," Canadian Encyclopedia.
- "Eric Aldwinckle - Nothing Uninteresting". ericaldwinckle.info. Retrieved 18 July 2013.
- LAC, Donald Anderson
- LAC, Caven Atkins
- Morse, Jennifer. "War Art: Geoffrey Bagley," Legion Magazine, October 11, 2010.
- Library and Archives Canada (LAC), Aba Bayeksky
- Library and Archives Canada (LAC), Thomas Harold Beament
- Library and Archives Canada (LAC), Alan Brockman Beddoe
- Canadian war artist Bruno Bobak dies in New Brunswick at age of 88 CTV News, September 25, 2012
- LAC, Molly Lamb Bobak
- CWM, Miller Brittain
- LAC, Frank Leonard Brooks
- LAC, Adolphus George Broomfield
- LAC, A. J. Casson
- CWM, Paraskeva Clark
- LAC, Albert Cloutier
- LAC, David Alexander Colville
- LAC, Charles Fraser Comfort
- LAC, Alma Duncan
- LAC, Orville Norman Fisher
- LAC, Michael Francis Forster
- CWM, Charles Goldhamer
- LAC, Paul Alexander Goranson
- LAC, Lawren P. Harris
- Gessel, Paul. "The art of living long," Ottawa Citizen. January 6, 2009; "Robert Hyndman," Ottawa Citizen. December 4, 2009.
- CWM, Pegi Nicol MacLeod
- CWM, Jack Nichols
- CWM, Goodridge Roberts
- Swinton, George. "Jack Leonard Shadbolt," Canadian Encyclopedia.
- LAC, George Campbell Tinning
- The Art of War," Canadian Army Journal, Vol. 12.3. Winter 2010. pp. 102-103.
References
Further reading
- Gallatin, Albert Eugene. Art and the Great War. (New York: E.P. Dutton, 1919).
- Gillis, Raina-Clair. "Artistic Impressions of War," Canadian Military Journal.
- Oliver, Dean Frederick, and Laura Brandon (2000). Canvas of war: painting the Canadian experience, 1914 to 1945. Vancouver: Douglas & McIntyre. ISBN 1-55054-772-0
- Tippett, Maria, 1944. Art at the service of war: Canada, art, and the great war. Toronto; Buffalo: University of Toronto Press.
External links
- Kandahar Journal War artist Richard Johnson's blog from the front lines in Kandahar, Afghanistan
- A news illustrator War artist Richard Johnson's work from Iraq and Afghanistan
- The Long Road An illustrated article on Canada's ten-year conflict in Afghanistan, by the National Post.
- Painting to Afghanistan Painter Christopher Hennebery embedded with Canadian Forces, Afghanistan
- Official War Artist SMSteele's open diary recording her road to war and back, as a poet, with 1PPCLI to Afghanistan, and her work as a poet, digital artist, writer, and scholar examining the narrative of the Great War 1914-18
- Canadian War Poet Tells Story of Afghanistan in requiem with VSO (Afghanistan: Requiem for a Generation, SMSteele librettist and Jeff Ryan, composer)