Cardinals created by Pius X

Rafael Merry del Val (1865–1930), made a cardinal on 9 November 1903.

Pius created two cardinals at his first consistory, both officials of the Roman Curia. Launching his campaign to eliminate applause from religious celebrations, he was not carried into the consistory on the sedia gestatoria as was traditional. He arrived on foot wearing a cope and mitre at the end of the procession of prelates "almost hidden behind the double line of Palatine Guards through which he passed".[2] Three cardinals created at Pope Leo XIII's last consistory in June received their red hats at this consistory as well.[3]

1. Rafael Merry del Val (1865–1930)
2. Giuseppe Callegari (1841–1906)

Pius created four cardinals on 11 December 1905, one each from Brazil, Hungary, Italy, and Spain. Arcoverde was the first Brazilian cardinal[1] and the first cardinal born in Latin America.[4][lower-alpha 1]

1. József Samassa (1828–1912)
2. Marcelo Spinola y Maestre (1835–1906)
3. Joaquim Arcoverde de Albuquerque Cavalcanti (1850–1930)
4. Ottavio Cagiano de Azevedo (1845–1927)

Gregorio Maria Aguirre y Garcia (1835–1913), made a cardinal on 15 April 1907.

Pope Pius created seven cardinals on 15 April 1907. This increased the number of cardinals to 62, of whom 37 were Italian.[5]

Désiré-Joseph Mercier (1851–1926), made a cardinal on 15 April 1907.

1. Aristide Cavallari (1849–1914)
2. Gregorio Maria Aguirre y Garcia (1835–1913)
3. Aristide Rinaldini (1844–1920)
4. Benedetto Lorenzelli (1853–1915)
5. Pietro Maffi (1858–1931)
6. Alessandro Lualdi (1858–1927)
7. Désiré-Joseph Mercier (1851–1926)

Pius created four cardinals in 1907, two Italian and two French. Pius spoke at length at this consistory on the persecution of the Church by the French government.[6]

1. Pietro Gasparri (1852–1934)
2. Louis Luçon (1842–1930)
3. Pierre Andrieu (1849–1935)
4. Gaetano de Lai (1853–1928)

François-Virgile Dubillard (1845–1914), made a cardinal on 27 November 1911.

Beginning in 1907, consistories for the creation of cardinals were announced and postponed.[7] On 27 November 1911 Pius created eighteen new cardinals plus an additional one created in pectore or unnamed. Five were Italians, four French, and three American. Speculation about the one not identified centered on the Patriarch of Lisbon, António Mendes Belo, since the Portuguese Republic established in 1910 had adopted severely anticlerical policies[8] and exiled Mendes Belo from Lisbon for violating its law on the separation of church and state.[9] American representation in the College grew from one to four following the reclassification of the United States as no longer a missionary country. This included as an American Diomede Falconio, an Italian-born U.S. citizen who had spent most of his career in the United States and Canada.[7][10][lower-alpha 2] Van Rossum was the first cardinal from the Netherlands in four hundred years.[1]

Thirteen of the eighteen new cardinals attended the public consistory, where Pius praised the public demonstrations that greeted his appointments in the United States and again addressed the "weight of persecution" in France.[12]

1. António Mendes Belo (1842–1929), created cardinal in pectore, announced 25 May 1914[8][13][lower-alpha 3]
2. José Cos y Macho (1838–1919)
3. Diomede Falconio (1842–1917)
4. Antonio Vico (1847–1929)
5. Gennaro Granito Pignatelli di Belmonte (1851–1948)
6. John Murphy Farley (1842–1918)
7. Francis Bourne (1861–1935)
8. Franziskus von Sales Bauer (1841–1915)
9. Léon-Adolphe Amette (1850–1920)
10. William Henry O'Connell (1859–1944)
11. Enrique Almaraz y Santos (1847–1922)
12. François-Virgile Dubillard (1845–1914)
13. Franz Xaver Nagl (1855–1913)
14. François de Rovérié de Cabrières (1830–1921)
15. Gaetano Bisleti (1856–1932)
16. Giovanni Lugari (1846–1914)
17. Basilio Pompili (1858–1931)
18. Louis Billot (1846–1931), resigned from the College in 1927
19. Willem Marinus van Rossum (1854–1932)

Károly Hornig (1840–1917), made a cardinal on 2 December 1912.

At a consistory where he created one cardinal, Pius also bestowed cardinals' regalia on several cardinals created at the previous consistory: Nagl, Cos y Macho, Vico, Bauer, Almarez y Santos, Farley, and O'Connell.[14]

1. Károly Hornig (1840–1917)

Louis-Nazaire Bégin (1840–1925), made a cardinal on 25 May 1914.

Friedrich Gustav Piffl (1864–1932), made a cardinal on 25 May 1914.

On 26 April 1914, Pope Pius announced he would create 13 new cardinals at a 25 May consistory.[15] He announced he had made Mendes Belo a cardinal in pectore in November 1911.[1]

1. Victoriano Guisasola y Menéndez (1852–1920)
2. Louis-Nazaire Bégin (1840–1925)
3. Domenico Serafini (1852–1918)
4. Giacomo della Chiesa (1854–1922) (Pope Benedict XV; 1914–1922)
5. János Csernoch (1852–1927)
6. Franziskus von Bettinger (1850–1917)
7. Hector Sévin (1852–1916)
8. Felix von Hartmann (1851–1919)
9. Friedrich Gustav Piffl (1864–1932)
10. Scipione Tecchi (1854–1915)
11. Filippo Giustini (1852–1920)
12. Michele Lega (1860–1935)
13. Francis Aidan Gasquet (1846–1929)

Additional sources

• Lentz III, Harris M. (2002). Popes and Cardinals of the 20th Century: A Biographical Dictionary. McFarland & Company. ISBN 978-0-7864-4101-3.
• Biographical Dictionary of the Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church