Carlos Castañeda (historian)

Carlos Eduardo Castañeda was born November 11, 1896 in Camargo, Mexico,[2] one of seven siblings born to a professor who worked at the College of San Juan in Matamoros.[3] The family moved to Brownsville, Texas in 1908,[2] and his parents died shortly thereafter.[3] The only Mexican-American student in his graduation class, Castañeda distinguished himself as valedictorian of the Brownsville High School class of 1916.[2][4] He earned a scholarship to the University of Texas at Austin, where he initially studied civil engineering. After working for prominent historian Eugene Campbell Barker, Castañeda discovered a love of history and changed his major. He received his BA in history in 1921.[4] In late December of that year, Castañeda married his childhood friend Elisa Rios. Their daughter, Irma Gloria, was born the following year.[5]

For the next two years, Castañeda pursued his master's degree in history while also working as a high school Spanish teacher.[4] For his master's thesis, Castañeda compiled a detailed index of the Spanish and Mexican documents located in Bexar County, where San Antonio is located. His work was well received; Bolton acknowledged that Castañeda had discovered some important documents. He received his master's degree in history from the University of Texas in 1923.[5]

From 1923 through 1926, Castañeda was an associate professor at the College of William and Mary, where he taught Spanish. In December 1923, he helped found the Gibbons Club, a student organization agitating for a Catholic priest from Newport News to be allocated for Sunday Masses, as there were no priests or parishes in Williamsburg. Eventually, the club's activities led to the founding of Saint Bede parish, creating a chapel that is now the National Shrine of Our Lady of Walsingham.[6] Although Castañeda enjoyed teaching, he missed his home state and wanted to return to a focus on Texas history. He began looking for opportunities to return.[5]

In Texas, preparations were already under way for the 1936 Texas Centennial, which would mark the hundredth anniversary of independence from Mexico. The Texas delegation of the Knights of Columbus decided to fund a scholarly history of the Catholic Church in Texas, to be published for the centennial. The head of the Knights of Columbus in Texas, Joseph I. Driscoll, invited Castañeda to suggest ways of approaching the vast project. In his response, Castañeda suggested that the committee sponsoring the work appoint a single individual to gather the appropriate primary sources for the eventual publication. He volunteered his time to help, noting that he was planning to teach in Mexico City that summer, and remarking that "I am a graduate of the University of Texas, and though a Mexican by birth, I feel that I am a Texan in spirit."[7] Driscoll quickly authorized Castañeda to gather information.[7]

Castañeda received an offer for a temporary position at the University Junior College of San Antonio but rejected it to pursue more permanent employment.[8] He was soon appointed curator of the newly established Latin American Collection at his alma mater, beginning the job in 1927.[5][9] He negotiated a workday of only seven hours a day, giving him time to work on his own projects and pursue a doctorate degree.[9][10] After his translation of Juan Almonte's Statistical Report on Texas, 1834 was published in the Southwestern Historical Quarterly in 1927, he was named a fellow of the Texas State Historical Association. Over the course of the year, he translated and edited several books, and also began work towards his doctorate in history.[10]

In 1929, Castañeda discovered a wealth of documents relating to the history of Texas during Spanish and Mexican rule in the archives of the Mexican states of Coahuila and Nuevo Leon. Earlier historians, including Barker and Herbert Eugene Bolton, had either overlooked the records or failed to copy the information for use by historians in Texas. Castañeda intended to photocopy the information from the archives in Saltillo, the capitol of the defunct Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas, noting that it "is of the move vital nature for the history of Texas".[11] Shortly after his return to the United States, Castañeda's six-year-old daughter Gloria died of encephalitis.[11]

Castañeda received a scholarship from the Farmer Foundation for his final year of graduate classes, 1929–1930, easing some of his financial worries. While he worked to complete his coursework, Castañeda translated the pamphlet Latin America and the United States into Spanish for the Knight of Columbus to distribute. After passing his examinations, Castañeda reapplied for the scholarship so that he could work on his dissertation. He remained busy throughout 1930, editing a volume of documents from Mexican archives, La guerra de reforma: segun el archivo del General D. Manuel Doblado, 1857–1860.[12]

In April 1930, Castañeda joined the Sociedad de Geografia y Estadistica in Mexico City. While there, he discovered that the National Library of Mexico now housed the archives from the Franciscan order in New Spain. A quick perusal revealed over 500,000 pages of new documents, many discussing Texas.[12]

Castañeda received his doctorate from the University of Texas in 1932; his dissertation was a translation of a book written by Fray Juan Agustin Morfi. Morfi's work had been considered lost until Castañeda discovered a copy in the Franciscan archives.[3][13] The same year, Castañeda's second child, Consuela, was born.[3]

Bitter that his salary was lower than his non-Mexican counterparts, Castañeda left the University of Texas in 1933, accepting a job as superintendent of schools in Del Rio, Texas. That job lasted only a year, after white parents expressed displeasure with a Mexican-born superintendent.[3] He returned to the University of Texas in 1936 as an associate professor and was promoted to full professor in 1946.[14] By 1942, he had finished five volumes of Our Catholic Heritage, covering the years of 1519 through 1810. The final two volumes, covering the time from 1810 through 1950, were published in 1948 and 1958.[13]

Too old to volunteer for military service during World War II, Castañeda instead solicited an appointment with the Fair Employment Practices Committee (FEPC). From 1943 through 1946 he served in the Dallas office, investigating discrimination against Hispanics and blacks. In February 1945, he was promoted to regional director, covering the states of Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona.[13][15] During his tenure, Castañeda took on the oil refineries in the Houston metropolitan area. Mexican-American workers had complained that they were paid less than their white counterparts, had no access to promotions, and were forced to use the facilities marked for colored people.[16] In a scathing response to Shell Oil, Castañeda pointed out that Mexicans were legally classified as white, and that the state laws, "regrettable as the fact is", insisted on separate accommodations for white and black. By making Mexicans use the colored areas, the company was in violation of the law.[17] Shell and the union both admitted that the policies violated the law, but maintained they would be at a competitive disadvantage if they chose to comply; every time the company attempted to promote Mexican-American workers, white workers went on strike.[18]

Castañeda returned to the University of Texas in 1946.[13]

He died on April 3, 1958.[2] His personal papers are held at the University of Texas.[3]

Castañeda served as president of the American Catholic Historical Association in 1939.[14] He was also highly involved in the First and Second Congress of Historians of Mexico and the United States.[19] The Perry–Castañeda Library at the University of Texas is named for him.

For his work on Catholic history, Castañeda was named a Knight of the Holy Sepulchre by the Catholic Church and a Knight Commander in the Order of Isabella the Catholic of Spain. He was granted an honorary LLD degree by the Catholic University of America, and was given the Serra Award of the Americas in 1951.[14]

On his death, historian J. Lloyd Mecham declared Castañeda was "one of our most distinguished and productive scholars and teachers in the field of Latin American history".[2] The Bibliography of Religion in the South notes that Castañeda's history of Roman Catholicism in Texas is "the most comprehensive and the most historiographically sound analysis of that tradition in any state".[20]

Scholar Mario T. Garcia described Castañeda's historical works as "an optimistic and positivist view of history".[9] His books assumed that the spread of European culture and the Catholic religion were positive advances for North America. According to Garcia, Castañeda's "moralistic interpretation of history" was influenced by the World War II battles between fascism and democracy.[9] Garcia points out that Castañeda ignored the negative impact of the Spanish history in North Americas, especially in the Spanish treatment of Indians.[21]

Unlike many historians of the era, Castañeda focused on the similarities between the Spanish-Mexican and Anglo-American traditions in North America. This was an attitude common among Mexican-American leaders of the time.[22] A disciple of historian Herbert Eugene Bolton, Castañeda believed that American history comprised much more than just the history of the Anglos, that it could only be understood in context with the Spanish and Mexican roots of the southwest.[22] In the context of Texas history, Castañeda was highly critical of the traditional approach of American historians, who ignored all events in Texas before the arrival of the Anglos.[23] In addition, he sought to revise the approach taken to the Texas Revolution. American historians focused on Anglo accomplishments in the war and stressed the Anglo victory over Mexicans, an attitude that Castañeda said "was largely responsible for the superiority complex that underlies the attitude towards the Mexican in Texas today".[24] Castañeda urged historians to focus on the impact that Tejanos, Mexican-born citizens of Texas, had on the revolution. In speeches, he compared the Texan army of the revolution, composed of Anglos, Mexicans, and others, to the Allied Forces of World War II, each group composed of multiple ethnicities fighting for freedom.[24]

Castañeda wrote several essays discussing discrimination against Mexican-Americans.[25] He discussed the unofficial classification of Mexicans as "non-white" but not "colored", which was generally used for purposes of racial discrimination.[26] His essays stressed that Mexicans had been in Texas and the rest of the Southwestern United States for much longer than the Anglos, and that because of that history they could be considered more American than those considered fully white. He attacked the economic discrimination, in which Mexicans were paid less than whites for the same work.[27] As a solution, Castañeda advocated increased educational opportunities for Mexican-Americans and the continuation of the Fair Employment Practices Commission.[28]

• Almaraz, Felix D. (2013). "Carlos Castañeda". In Cox, Patrick L.; Hendrickson, Kenneth E., Jr. (eds.). Writing the Story of Texas. University of Texas Press. ISBN 0292748752.
• "Carlos E. Castañeda Papers, 1497–1958". University of Texas libraries. Retrieved March 3, 2015.
• Foley, Neil (2010). Quest for Equality: The Failed Promise of Black-brown Solidarity. Harvard University Press. ISBN 0674050231.
• Garcia, Mario T. (1991). Mexican Americans: Leadership, Ideology, and Identity, 1930-1960. The Lamar Series in Western History. Yale University Press. ISBN 0300049846.
• Lippy, Charles H. (1985). Bibliography of Religion in the South. Mercer University Press. ISBN 0865541612.
• Mecham, J. Lloyd (August 1958). "Obituary Notes: Carlos Eduardo Castañeda, 1896-1958". The Hispanic American Historical Review. 38 (3): 383–388.

• Amarez, Felix D. (1999). Knight without Armor: Carlos Eduardo Castañeda, 1896-1958. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1603447148.
• Bacarisse, Charles. (1961). "A Dedication to the Memory of Carlos Eduardo Castañeda, 1896–1958". Arizona and the West. 3 (1): 1–5.
• Gritter, Matthew (2013). Mexican Inclusion: The Origins of Anti-Discrimination Policy in Texas and the Southwest. Texas A&M University Press. ISBN 1603448136.
• Lynch, Michael J., III (2000). "Castañeda and Canales: Collaborators, Academics, Friends". Journal of South Texas. 13 (1): 94–115.