Cauchy's equation
In optics, Cauchy's transmission equation is an empirical relationship between the refractive index and wavelength of light for a particular transparent material. It is named for the mathematician Augustin-Louis Cauchy, who defined it in 1836.
The equation
The most general form of Cauchy's equation is
where n is the refractive index, λ is the wavelength, A, B, C, etc., are coefficients that can be determined for a material by fitting the equation to measured refractive indices at known wavelengths. The coefficients are usually quoted for λ as the vacuum wavelength in micrometres.
Usually, it is sufficient to use a two-term form of the equation:
where the coefficients A and B are determined specifically for this form of the equation.
A table of coefficients for common optical materials is shown below:
| Material | A | B (μm2) |
| Fused silica | 1.4580 | 0.00354 |
| Borosilicate glass BK7 | 1.5046 | 0.00420 |
| Hard crown glass K5 | 1.5220 | 0.00459 |
| Barium crown glass BaK4 | 1.5690 | 0.00531 |
| Barium flint glass BaF10 | 1.6700 | 0.00743 |
| Dense flint glass SF10 | 1.7280 | 0.01342 |
The theory of light-matter interaction on which Cauchy based this equation was later found to be incorrect. In particular, the equation is only valid for regions of normal dispersion in the visible wavelength region. In the infrared, the equation becomes inaccurate, and it cannot represent regions of anomalous dispersion. Despite this, its mathematical simplicity makes it useful in some applications.
The Sellmeier equation is a later development of Cauchy's work that handles anomalously dispersive regions, and more accurately models a material's refractive index across the ultraviolet, visible, and infrared spectrum.
References
- F.A. Jenkins and H.E. White, Fundamentals of Optics, 4th ed., McGraw-Hill, Inc. (1981).