Charismatic Christianity

Charismatic Christianity (also known as Spirit-filled Christianity by its supporters) is a form of Christianity that emphasizes the work of the Holy Spirit, spiritual gifts, and modern-day miracles as an everyday part of a believer's life. Practitioners are often called Charismatic Christians or Renewalists. Although there is considerable overlap, Charismatic Christianity is often categorized into three separate groups: Pentecostalism, the Charismatic movement and Neo-charismatic movement. The movements are distinguished from Pentecostalism by not making the act of speaking in tongues necessary for evidence of Spirit baptism, giving prominence to a diversity of spiritual gifts. According to the Pew Research Center, Pentecostals and Charismatic Christians numbered over 584 million or a quarter of the world's 2 billion Christians in 2011.[1]

Etymology

The term charismatic derives from the Greek word χάρισμα charisma ("gift", itself derived from χάρις, "grace" or "favor").[2] The 17th century form charism specifically refers to divine gifts. Middle English also adopted the word as karisme to refer to gifts of healing and teaching.[3]

History

With traditions of Pentecostalism already developed in the 18th century out of Protestant evangelicalism,[4] the beginning of the charismatic movement came in 1960 at St. Mark's Episcopal Church in Van Nuys, California. Dennis Bennett, the church's Rector, felt the Holy Spirit within him and announced the event to his church.[5] Some evangelical churches decided to follow this movement and take distance from their Pentecostal conventions.[6] Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa, California is one of the first evangelical charismatic churches started in 1965.[5] In the United Kingdom, Jesus Army, founded in 1969, is an example of the impact outside of the United States.[7] The spread of the charismatic movement outside of the US was also encouraged by Bennett, who traveled to Vancouver to minister there.[5] Many other congregations were established in the rest of the world.[8] Modern churches internationally have embraced the charismatic movement or adapted their own practices to incorporate it. In the United Kingdom, the house church movement has grown to include charismatic practices. Hillsong Church in Australia is another example of a Pentecostal church that incorporates the charismatic movement.[5] The neo-charismatic movement, also known as the third-wave, has also spread widely since 1970; these churches often reject the charismatic or Pentecostal label but accept the general practice of accepting gifts of the Spirit.[4]

Some scholars attribute the quick and successful spread of charismatic Christianity to its successful use of mass media platforms, but also to the physical experience of religion that it provides, which creates a personal connection to spiritual mediation for believers.[9]

Distinguishing beliefs

Charismatic Christianity is an overarching grouping of connected beliefs and practices, and is not itself strictly defined within specific practices. Denominations within the grouping share a spirituality characterized by a worldview where miracles, signs and wonders, and other supernatural occurrences are expected to be present in the lives of believers. This includes the presence of spiritual gifts, such as prophecy and healing. While similar in many respects, some sub-groups do differ in important ways. These differences have led to Charismatic Christianity being categorized into three main groups: Pentecostalism, the Charismatic Movement, and Neo-charismatic Movement.[10]

Pentecostals
Main article: Pentecostalism
See also: List of Christian denominations § Pentecostalism

Pentecostals are those Christians who identify with the beliefs and practices of classical Pentecostal denominations, such as the Assemblies of God or the Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee). Classical Pentecostalism grew out of the holiness movement and developed a distinct identity at the start of the 20th century after being popularized by Charles Fox Parham and his student William Seymour. Seymour founded what is considered the first Pentecostal ministry in Los Angeles in 1906.[4] At a time when most denominations affirmed cessationism (the belief that spiritual gifts had ceased), Pentecostals held that the gifts of the Holy Spirit were being restored to the Christian church.[11] The distinctive doctrine of Pentecostalism is that there is a second work of grace after conversion, which Pentecostals call the baptism in the Holy Spirit, that is evidenced by speaking in tongues.[12] Speaking in tongues is considered evidence of the presence of the Spirit. There are also non-trinitarian Oneness Pentecostals, who share such beliefs on the validity of the spiritual gifts in the modern church, but who differ on varying views on the Godhead and teachings on outward holiness.[13] Pentecostalism has several core doctrines around which their beliefs are centered; these include salvation through Jesus, healing through Jesus, baptism through Jesus and the Holy Spirit and finally that Jesus is coming again. Pentecostalism is also characterized by moralism, and often forbids followers to drink alcohol or wear jewelry.[4]

Charismatic Movement
Main article: Charismatic Movement
See also: List of Christian denominations § Charismatic Movement

While early Pentecostals were often marginalized within the larger Christian community, Pentecostal beliefs began penetrating the mainline Protestant denominations from 1960 onward and the Catholic Church from 1967.[14] This adoption of Pentecostal beliefs by those in the historic churches became known as the charismatic movement. Charismatics are defined as Christians who share with Pentecostals an emphasis on the gifts of the Spirit but who remain a part of a mainline church. Also, charismatics are more likely than Pentecostals to believe that glossolalia is not a necessary evidence of Spirit baptism.[12] This transition occurred following an increased popularity of use of the gifts of spirit during the healing revival period of 1946–1958. Massive interdenominational meetings held by the healing revival evangelists, including William M. Branham, Oral Roberts, A.A. Allen and others, led to increased awareness and acceptance.[15] The movement led to the creation of independent evangelical charismatic churches more in tune with this revival of the Holy Spirit. Calvary Chapel Costa Mesa, California is one of the first evangelical charismatic churches in 1965.[16] In United Kingdom, Jesus Army, founded in 1969, is an example of the impact outside the US.[17] Many other congregations were established in the rest of the world.[18]

Neo-charismatic movement
Main article: Neo-charismatic movement
See also: List of Christian denominations § Neo-Charismatic Movement

New churches and denominations emerged alongside the Charismatic Movement since 1970 that are termed neo-charismatic. Accepting neither the label of Pentecostal nor charismatic, they share with these groups a common emphasis on the Holy Spirit, spiritual gifts, miracles, and Pentecostal experiences.[4][19] These groups are often called "The Third Wave", to separate them from the original Pentecostals (the "First Wave") and from the wider charismatic movement of the 1970s (the "Second Wave"). Neo-charismatic churches often consider themselves non-denominational or would not accept the neo-charismatic label, instead drawing from the charismatic practices of spiritual gifts or identifying with wider movements and groups such as the U.S Strategic Prayer Network, the New Apostolic Reformation, or other large religious movements.[20]

Statistics

In 2011, there were 279 million Pentecostal Christians worldwide, making up 4 percent of the world's population and 12.8% of the wider Christian population. Charismatic Christians numbered 305 million, or about 4.4 percent of the world's population and 14 percent of the Christian population. Together, these groups make up 26.8 percent of the world's Christian population and over 8 percent of the world. Regionally, the highest concentration of Charismatic Christians live in the Americas, which houses 48.5%, of the group. The next highest concentration is in the Asia-Pacific region, with another 29.6% of Charismatic Christians residing there.[1]

See also

Further reading

Encyclopedic

Supportive
  • Deere, Jack. Surprised by the Power of the Spirit
  • Grudem, Wayne. The Gift of Prophecy in the New Testament and Today
  • Maria Stethatos. The Voice of a Priest Crying in the Wilderness

Critical
  • Braun, Mark E., What can we learn from the Charismatic Movement?, Forward in Christ, Volume 83, Number 10, October 1996
  • MacArthur, John. Charismatic Chaos
  • Hanegraaff, Hank. Counterfeit Revival
  • Gardiner, George E. Corinthian Catastrophe
  • Warfield, B. B. Counterfeit Miracles
  • Gaffin, Richard B. Perspectives on Pentecost
  • O. Palmer Robertson Final Word A response to Wayne Grudem
  • Michael De Semlyen All Roads Lead To Rome Dorchester House Publications (March 1993)
  • Davis, R., True to His Ways: Purity & Safety in Christian Spiritual Practice (ACW Press, Ozark, AL, 2006), ISBN 1-932124-61-6.

Neutral
  • Grudem, Wayne (editor). Are Miraculous Gifts for Today?

Literature

References
  1. Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life (December 19, 2011), Global Christianity: A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population Archived 2013-07-23 at the Wayback Machine, p. 67. See also The New International Dictionary, "Part II Global Statistics: A Massive Worldwide Phenomenon".
  2. "Charism". Merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2018-04-09.
  3. "charisma | Origin and meaning of charisma by Online Etymology Dictionary". www.etymonline.com. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
  4. Robbins, Joel. "The Globalization of Pentecostal and Charismatic Christianity". Annual Review of Anthropology. 33: 117–143 – via JSTOR.
  5. "Theopedia". www.theopedia.com. Retrieved 2020-04-24.
  6. Randall Herbert Balmer, Encyclopedia of Evangelicalism, Baylor University Press, US, 2004, p. 149
  7. Simon Cooper, Mike Farrant, Fire in Our Hearts: The Story of the Jesus Fellowship/Jesus Army, Multiply Publications, England, 1997, p. 169
  8. "Understanding the Charismatic Movement". The Exchange - A Blog by Ed Stetzer. Retrieved July 19, 2015.
  9. LINDHARDT, MARTIN. “Mediating Money: Materiality and Spiritual Warfare in Tanzanian Charismatic Christianity.” The Anthropology of Global Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism, edited by Simon Coleman and Rosalind I. J. Hackett, by Joel Robbins, NYU Press, 2015, pp. 147–160. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt15zc5th.11. Accessed 9 May 2020.
  10. Stanley M. Burgess and Eduard M. van der Mass, eds., The New International Dictionary of Pentecostal and Charismatic Movements, Rev. ed. (Grand Rapids, Michigan: Zondervan, 2003), Kindle edition, "Introduction".
  11. The New International Dictionary, "Introduction: Classical Pentecostals".
  12. The New International Dictionary, "Introduction: Pentecostal-Charismatic Differences".
  13. Patterson, Eric; Rybarczyk, Edmund (2007). The Future of Pentecostalism in the United States. New York: Lexington Books. pp. 123–4. ISBN 978-0-7391-2102-3.
  14. The New International Dictionary, "Introduction: The Charismatic Movement".
  15. Moriarty, Michael (1992). The New Charismatics. Zondervan. pp. 118–139. ISBN 978-0-310-53431-0.
  16. Douglas A. Sweeney, The American Evangelical Story: A History of the Movement, Baker Academic, US, 2005, pp. 150–51
  17. Simon Cooper,Mike Farrant, Fire in Our Hearts: The Story of the Jesus Fellowship/Jesus Army, Multiply Publications, England, 1997, p. 169
  18. Ed Stetzer,Understanding the Charismatic Movement, Christianity Today, US, October 18, 2013
  19. The New International Dictionary, "Introduction: Neocharismatics".
  20. McCloud, Sean. American Possessions. Oxford University Press. pp. 6–7.
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