Churchill–Bernstein equation

${\displaystyle {\overline {\mathrm {Nu} }}_{D}\ =0.3+{\frac {0.62\mathrm {Re} _{D}^{1/2}\Pr ^{1/3}}{\left[1+(0.4/\Pr )^{2/3}\,\right]^{1/4}\,}}{\bigg [}1+{\bigg (}{\frac {\mathrm {Re} _{D}}{282000}}{\bigg )}^{5/8}{\bigg ]}^{4/5}\quad \Pr \mathrm {Re} _{D}\geq 0.2}$

[2] where:

• ${\displaystyle {\overline {\mathrm {Nu} }}_{D}}$ is the surface averaged Nusselt number with characteristic length of diameter;
• ${\displaystyle \mathrm {Re} _{D}\,\!}$ is the Reynolds number with the cylinder diameter as its characteristic length;
• ${\displaystyle \Pr }$ is the Prandtl number.

The Churchill–Bernstein equation is valid for a wide range of Reynolds numbers and Prandtl numbers, as long as the product of the two is greater than or equal to 0.2, as defined above. The Churchill–Bernstein equation can be used for any object of cylindrical geometry in which boundary layers develop freely, without constraints imposed by other surfaces. Properties of the external free stream fluid are to be evaluated at the film temperature in order to account for the variation of the fluid properties at different temperatures. One should not expect much more than 20% accuracy from the above equation due to the wide range of flow conditions that the equation encompasses. The Churchill–Bernstein equation is a correlation and cannot be derived from principles of fluid dynamics. The equation yields the surface averaged Nusselt number, which is used to determine the average convective heat transfer coefficient. Newton's law of cooling (in the form of heat loss per surface area being equal to heat transfer coefficient multiplied by temperature gradient) can then be invoked to determine the heat loss or gain from the object, fluid and/or surface temperatures, and the area of the object, depending on what information is known.

${\displaystyle \mathrm {Sh} _{D}=0.3+{\frac {0.62\mathrm {Re} _{D}^{1/2}\mathrm {Sc} ^{1/3}}{\left[1+(0.4/\mathrm {Sc} )^{2/3}\,\right]^{1/4}\,}}{\bigg [}1+{\bigg (}{\frac {\mathrm {Re} _{D}}{282000}}{\bigg )}^{5/8}{\bigg ]}^{4/5}\quad \mathrm {Sc} \,\mathrm {Re} _{D}\geq 0.2}$

where:

• ${\displaystyle \mathrm {Sh} _{D}}$ is the Sherwood number related to hydraulic diameter
• ${\displaystyle \mathrm {Sc} }$ is the Schmidt number

Using the mass-heat transfer analogy, the Nusselt number is replaced by the Sherwood number, and the Prandtl number is replaced by the Schmidt number. The same restrictions described in the heat transfer definition are applied to the mass transfer definition. The Sherwood number can be used to find an overall mass transfer coefficient and applied to Fick's law of diffusion to find concentration profiles and mass transfer fluxes.

• Prandtl number
• Reynolds number

• Churchill, S. W.; Bernstein, M. (1977), "A Correlating Equation for Forced Convection From Gases and Liquids to a Circular Cylinder in Crossflow", Journal of Heat Transfer, 99 (2): 300–306, Bibcode:1977ATJHT..99..300C, doi:10.1115/1.3450685
• Incropera, F.P.; DeWitt, D.P.; Bergman, T.L.; Lavine, A.S. (2006). Fundamentals of Heat and Mass Transfer, 6th Ed. Wiley. ISBN 978-0-471-45728-2.
• Tammet, Hannes; Kulmala, Markku (June 2007), Simulating aerosol nucleation bursts in a coniferous forest (PDF), retrieved 10 Jul 2007
• Ramachandran Venkatesan; Scott Fogler (2004). "Comments on Analogies for Correlated Heat and Mass Transfer in Turbulent Flow" (PDF). AIChE Journal. 50 (7): 1623–1626. doi:10.1002/aic.10146. hdl:2027.42/34252.
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