Cognitive pretesting

Cognitive pretesting, or cognitive interviewing, is a field research method where data is collected on how the subject answers interview questions. It is the evaluation of a test or questionnaire before it's administered.[1] It allows survey researchers to collect feedback regarding survey responses and is used in evaluating whether the question is measuring the construct the researcher intends. The data collected is then used to adjust problematic questions in the questionnaire before fielding the survey to the full sample of people.[2][3][4][5][6]

Cognitive interviewing generally collects the following information from participants: evaluations on how the subject constructed their answers; explanations on what the subject interprets the questions to mean; reporting of any difficulties the subject had in answering the questions; and anything else that reveals the circumstances to the subject’s answers.

Cognitive pretesting is considered essential in testing the validity of an interview, test, or questionnaire.[7]

Purpose

The purpose of these pretests is to:

  • make sure that the test or interview is understandable
  • address any problems the participants may have had with the test
  • measure participants attention and curiosity to the questions
  • measure the scale of answers (Ex: is the whole scale being used, or do answers vary too much)
  • assess question order and other context effects
  • problems with the interviewers
  • address any technical problems with the test (Ex: glitches with any technology, or grammatical errors)
  • and how long it takes to take the test or interview. [1][4][8][6]

Types

In general, there are many methods practiced when conducting a cognitive pretest. Including: conventional pretesting, cognitive interviewing, behavior coding, respondent debriefing, group discussion, expert review, eye tracking, and web probing.[1]

Conventional pretesting-This is similar to a rehearsal that tries to imitate and model after what the real test or interview will be like. A simulation of real test or interview that takes place prior to the real one. Whatever method used in the actual interview or test should be used in this method of pretesting.[1][9]

Cognitive pretesting (cognitive interviewing)- very similar to conventional pretesting. However, the participants are actively being asked about the questions as they take the test. It's conducted during the interview or test. [1][6]

They can also be presented in multiple different ways including: written surveys, oral surveys, electronic surveys[10]

Techniques

There are certain techniques that the interviewer implements in cognitive pretesting to extract the information needed to ensure a good interview or questionnaire.

The think-aloud technique- This occurs when the interviewer asks the interviewee to vocalize their thoughts and how they came to their answer. This can be concurrent (during) or retrospective (after) the interview. [1][11]

Probing technique- This occurs when the interviewer asks the interviewee one or more follow-up questions. They 'probe' about the questions asked, terminology used, or even the responses. [1][11]

Paraphrasing- This occurs when the interviewer asks the interviewee to use their own words to repeat the question. This tests to make sure the questions are understandable. [1]

Confidence rating- This occurs when the interviewer asks the interviewee about their confidence in how correctly they answered the question. [1]

Sorting- This occurs when the interviewer asks the interviewee or tries to understand how the interviewee categorizes certain situations or even terms. [1]

Participants and Recruitment

Sample size is a very important topic in pretests. Small samples of 5-15 participants are common. However, it is best if the sample size is at least 30 people. More is always better. [12]

Having a small sample can lead to problems within the test not being discovered.

There are two different methods of telling participants about the questionnaire: participating pretests and undeclared pretest.[4]

Participating pretests make sure that the participants know that the test they are completing is just a practice run. This is used mostly in probing and thinking-out-loud technique, or cognitive pretesting and interviewing[4]

undeclared pretests are tests in which the participants don't know that his is a practice run. This is most like conventional pretesting. If more than one pretest occurs on a study it is recommended that participating pretest is first, then undeclared second. [4][6]

Use by Survey Researchers

Cognitive interviewing is regularly practiced by U.S. Federal Agencies, including the Census Bureau,[13] National Center for Health Statistics [14] and the Bureau of Labor Statistics.[15]

References
  1. Lenzner, Timo; Neuert, Cornelia; Otto, Wanda (2016). "Kognitives Pretesting". Gesis Survey Guidelines. doi:10.15465/gesis-sg_en_010.
  2. Tilley, Barbara C.; LaPelle, Nancy R.; Goetz, Christopher G.; Stebbins, Glenn T. (2014). "Using Cognitive Pretesting in Scale Development for Parkinson's Disease: The Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Example". Journal of Parkinson's Disease. 4 (3): 395–404. doi:10.3233/JPD-130310. ISSN 1877-7171. PMC 5086096. PMID 24613868.
  3. "Pretesting - Cross-Cultural Survey Guidelines". ccsg.isr.umich.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
  4. "Writing@CSU". writing.colostate.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
  5. Grimm, Pamela (2010), "Pretesting a Questionnaire", Wiley International Encyclopedia of Marketing, American Cancer Society, doi:10.1002/9781444316568.wiem02051, ISBN 978-1-4443-1656-8
  6. VOICU, MIRELA-CRISTINA. "QUESTIONNAIRES PRETESTING IN MARKETING RESEARCH". Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  7. "GESIS - Leibniz Institute for the Social Sciences". www.gesis.org. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
  8. "Writing@CSU". writing.colostate.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
  9. Hu, Shu (2014), "Pretesting", in Michalos, Alex C. (ed.), Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 5048–5052, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2256, ISBN 978-94-007-0753-5
  10. "Writing@CSU". writing.colostate.edu. Retrieved 2020-07-18.
  11. Tilley, Barbara C.; LaPelle, Nancy R.; Goetz, Christopher G.; Stebbins, Glenn T. (2014). "Using Cognitive Pretesting in Scale Development for Parkinson's Disease: The Movement Disorder Society Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) Example". Journal of Parkinson's Disease. 4 (3): 395–404. doi:10.3233/JPD-130310. ISSN 1877-7171. PMC 5086096. PMID 24613868.
  12. Perneger, Thomas V.; Courvoisier, Delphine S.; Hudelson, Patricia M.; Gayet-Ageron, Angèle (2015-01-01). "Sample size for pre-tests of questionnaires". Quality of Life Research. 24 (1): 147–151. doi:10.1007/s11136-014-0752-2. ISSN 1573-2649. PMID 25008261. S2CID 22314144.
  13. Virgile, Katz, Tuttle, Terry, Graber (2019). "Cognitive Pretesting of 2019 American Housing Survey Modules". The United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2020-05-20.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. "Q-Bank - Learn about the OMB Cognitive Interviewing Standards". wwwn.cdc.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-20.
  15. K, Schwartz,Lisa. "The American Time Use Survey: cognitive pretesting : Monthly Labor Review: U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics". www.bls.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-27.
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