Compensation (psychology)

In psychology, compensation is a strategy whereby one covers up, consciously or unconsciously, weaknesses, frustrations, desires, or feelings of inadequacy or incompetence in one life area through the gratification or (drive towards) excellence in another area. Compensation can cover up either real or imagined deficiencies and personal or physical inferiority. Positive compensations may help one to overcome one's difficulties. On the other hand, negative compensations do not, which results in a reinforced feeling of inferiority.

There are two kinds of negative compensation:

Overcompensation, characterized by a superiority goal, leads to striving for power, dominance, self-esteem, and self-devaluation.
Undercompensation, which includes a demand for help, leads to a lack of courage and a fear for life.

A well-known example of failing overcompensation is observed in people going through a midlife-crisis. Approaching midlife, many people lack the energy to maintain their psychological defenses, including their compensatory acts.

Origin

Alfred Adler, founder of the school of individual psychology, introduced the term compensation in relation to inferiority feelings.[1] In his book Study of Organ Inferiority and Its Physical Compensation (1907), he argued that a perceived inferiority or weakness led to physical or psychological attempts to compensate for it.[2]

Such compensation could be positive or negative in its effects: a classic case of a favourable over-compensation for stuttering was the development of Demosthenes as an outstanding orator.[3]

Adler's motivation to investigate this was from personal experience. He was a very sickly child. He was unable to walk till he was four because of rickets. Then he was a victim of pneumonia as well as a series of accidents.

Adler also "transferred" this idea of compensation to psychic training.

Examples
  • Compensation may follow the direction of a perceived deficiency, as when a childhood fear of water is over-compensated by an obsession with sailing, or an original fear of picture books by a focus on literature.[4] Or it may be opposed to the original problem-area, as when childhood rage becomes an unstable adult pacifism;[5] or tangential to it, as when sporting weakness is compensated for by academic strivings.[6]
  • Narcissistic people, by compensation theory, mute the feelings of low self-esteem by self-aggrandizement,[7] for example by talking "highly", or contacting "highly admired" persons. Narcissistic children (according to Melanie Klein) try to compensate for their jealousy and anger by fantasizing about power, beauty and richness.

Cultural implications
  • Christopher Lasch, an American historian and social critic wrote in his book The Culture of Narcissism (1979) that North American society in the 1970s was a narcissistic society which worshipped fame and consumption, feared dependency, aging, and death, and being self-absorbed was constantly on the look-out for compensatory inputs.[8]
  • Consumption has been put forward as a means of compensation.[9] Examples would be the use of goods to compensate for failures in human relationships, as when parents attempt to make up for "bad" conditions (poverty, abuse ...) they lived in, or to make up for "bad" conditions (divorce, ...) they caused children to live in.

See also

References
  1. R Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 5
  2. R Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 5
  3. R Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 5-6
  4. O Fenichel, The Psychoanalytic Theory of Neurosis (London 1946) p. 28 and p. 483
  5. E Erikson, Childhood and Society (Penguin 1973) p. 34 and p. 187
  6. R Gregory ed., The Oxford Companion to the Mind (1987) p. 368
  7. M Nadort, Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Schema Therapy (2012) p 324 and p. 470
  8. P Copston, Theories of Human Nature (2006) p. 86
  9. Allison J. Pugh: 'From compensation to 'childhood wonder': Why parents buy.

Sources
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