Consolida regalis

Consolida regalis, known as forking larkspur, rocket-larkspur, and field larkspur, is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the genus Consolida of the buttercup family (Ranunculaceae).[1][2]

Consolida regalis
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Ranunculaceae
Genus: Consolida
Species:
C. regalis
Binomial name
Consolida regalis
Synonyms[1]
  • Delphinium consolida L.
  • Consolida arvensis Opiz
  • Consolida regalis subsp. arvensis (Opiz) Soó
  • Consolida segetum Schur
  • Delphidium consolida (L.) Raf.
  • Delphinium consolida L.
  • Delphinium consolida subsp. arvense (Opiz) Graebn. & P.Graebn.
  • Delphinium diffusum Stokes
  • Delphinium divaricatum Dulac
  • Delphinium segetum Lam.
  • Delphinium versicolor Salisb.
Consolida regalis - MHNT

Distribution

Consolida regalis is native to:[2]

Habitat

The plant is found growing on sandy or chalky soils. It is present at an altitude of 0–1,200 metres (0–3,937 ft) above sea level.

It grows in dry weedy places and roadside ditches, and in cereal crop fields. The plant has become quite rare in central and southern Europe because of the increased use of herbicides and intensive soil cultivation.

This species is grown as an ornamental plant.

Description

Consolida regalis reaches on average 30–80 centimetres (12–31 in) in height. The stem is erect, hairy and very branched at the top. The roots grow into the soil up to a depth of 50 centimetres (20 in), so the plant can survive long periods of drought. The leaves are alternately arranged.

The inflorescence is a cluster with five to eight hermaphrodite flowers. The flowers are dark blue or purple with five sepals. The upper sepal is prolonged in a spur of 15–18 millimetres (0.59–0.71 in) long, pointing toward the back. There are eight to ten stamens. The flowering period extends from May through August.

The flowers are pollinated by hymenoptera and lepidoptera. The seeds ripen from June through September. All plant parts are poisonous in large doses, especially the seeds, that contain up to 1.4% of alkaloids.

Chemical constituents

The alkaloids which have been isolated from Consolida regalis include[3]

aicolorine

atisine

corepanine

delcoridine

delcosine

delsoline

gigactonine

hetisinone

lycoctonine

paniculine

regaline

takaosamine

Plant of Consolida regalis
Flowers of Consolida regalis
Close-up on a flower of Consolida regalis
Flowers of Consolida regalis'
Flowers of Consolida regalis'

References
  1. USDA, NRCS (2010). "Plants Profile for Consolida regalis (royal knight's-spur)". The PLANTS Database (http://plants.usda.gov, 10 April 2010). National Plant Data Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70874-4490 USA. Retrieved 2010-04-10.
  2. "Consolida regalis". Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN). Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). Retrieved 2013-01-10.
  3. Yin, Tianpeng; Cai, Le; Ding, Zhongtao (2020). "A systematic review on the chemical constituents of the genus Consolida (Ranunculaceae) and their biological activities". RSC Advances. 10 (58): 35072–35089. doi:10.1039/D0RA06811J.
  • Pignatti S. - Flora d'Italia - Edagricole – 1982 - Vol. I, pag. 291
  • Consolida regalis
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