Cosimo Ruggeri

Cosimo Ruggeri's presence at the French royal court is first attested in 1571. He was a part of the entourage of the Tuscan ambassador to France, Petrucci; known for his scholarly knowledge, he was a tutor of the Italian language to Elisabeth of Austria, Queen of France. After claims of being able to predict the future through his knowledge in astrology, he was no longer well seen by Elisabeth, but reported to have become be a favorite of the queen mother, who asked him of advice in matters of state because of his alleged ability to predict the future, and is said to have came to exert influence over her with his alleged occult knowledge in the dark arts.

In 1574, he became implicated in the attempted homicide of Joseph Boniface de La Môle, when he was reputedly hired to bring about the death of Charles IX by the use of sorcery. He was arrested and sentenced to the galleys for complicity. However, the verdict was never made use of, and in 1585, he was also pardoned formally. The reason for this is regarded to have been his relation to the queen mother.

In 1598, he was prosecuted for having manufactured a doll of Henry IV of France with the intent of murder through sorcery, but freed.

During the queenship of Marie de' Medici, he was a personal friend of the queen's favorites Concino Concini and Leonora Dori.

When he died in Paris in 1615, riots broke out because of rumors about magicians caused by his refusal to receive sacrament on his deathbed, which was also the subject of a libel against him, denouncing him as a sorcerer.

Many famous legends are told about Cosimo Ruggeri, his relation to Catherine de Medici and his alleged knowledge in the occult.

He allegedly predicted that Catherine de Medici would die near "Saint-Germain", which was the name of her confessor at her deathbed, Julien de Saint-Germain.

He allegedly correctly predicted to Catherine de Medici that three of her sons would be kings, and how long they would reign, by the help of an enchanted mirror in the Chaumont-sur-Loire.

• Eugène Defrance, Catherine de Médicis, ses astrologues et ses magiciens envoûteurs : Documents inédits sur la diplomatie et les sciences occultes du xvie siècle, Paris, Mercure de France, 1911, 311 p.