County surveyor

A county surveyor is a public official in the United States and the United Kingdom.

Domesday Book, England, 1086: Earliest historical record of 'county surveying' as an administrative function
Table of Surveying, from the 1728 Cyclopaedia, Volume 2.
George Washington, freemason
King Æthelstan and Saint Cuthbert
John Smith 1624 map of Bermuda

United States

County surveyors are present in many counties of the United States. Most of these officials are elected on the partisan ballot to four-year terms. They administer the county land survey records, re-establish and maintain the official government survey monuments, and review property boundaries surveys and subdivision plans. Other duties vary from state to state.

NACS is part of the National Association of Counties of the USA (NACo).[1]

History

The NACo website sets out its perception of the history of county government in the USA, tracing it to Anglo-Saxon England (initial division of land into holdings for government purposes called 'shires', hence 'shire-reeve', the origin of 'sheriff'), Anglo-Norman feudalism (renaming shires conquered by William I as 'counties' and establishing his allodial title to them via the Domesday Book survey), and the increasingly "plural executive structure" commissioned by his successors to the royal throne of England to defend the peace and enforce the complex of chivalric, common, and statutory laws of England (and of Wales from the reign of Edward I) up to the time of the first county government established in America (County of James City, Virginia).[2] This triad of origins is fundamental to understanding the organisation role that county surveying plays in the administration and development of the real estate of many states and nations around the world, even though sometimes it goes by other names. It was the framework that the King of England applied to his colonies in America and sufficiently successful as to have since been adopted by many other states.[3]

United Kingdom

Webb & Webb[4] describe the increasing chaos that began to prevail within this same period in field of county surveying in England and Wales, with county surveyors appointed by the justices of the peace at quarter sessions.

Eventually, the military defence component of county surveying in the UK began to separate from the civil in 1791, with the Crown's 'Board of Ordnance' being commissioned to carry out a comprehensive survey of the South Coast of England[5] which, as a result of 'the last invasion of Britain 1797', at Fishguard in South West Wales[6] ultimately extended to all of the UK.

With that shift in emphasis, county surveying began to concentrate more on its civil engineering and civic architecture roles, producing the historically famous British county surveyors such as Thomas Telford, John Loudon McAdam and John Nash;[7][8][9] the expression, "county surveyor", became a UK statutory title (Bridges Act 1803); and, in England and Wales, its incumbents were appointed by elected county councils as of the coming into effect of the Local Government Act 1888 rather than being Crown-appointed by justices of the peace.

The UK equivalent of NACS, the County Surveyors' Society (CSS), founded in 1885,[10] was transformed into the pluralistic Association of Directors of Environment, Economy, Planning and Transport (ADEPT) in 2010.[10]

    References
    1. "The Voice of America's Counties". NACo. Archived from the original on 2012-09-23. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
    2. For related references to early county surveyor arrangements in Virginia see Kegley, Frederick Bittle. Kegley's Virginia Frontier: The Beginning of the Southwest : the Roanoke of Colonial Days, 1740-1783. originally published Roanoke, Virginia, 1938; reprinted Genealogical Publishing Co. Inc. Baltimore, 2003; Library of Congress Catalogue Card No. 2002114477. ISBN 0-8063-1717-5.
    3. "History of County Government Part I". Naco.org. Archived from the original on 2011-02-02. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
    4. Webb, Sidney; Potter Webb, Beatrice (1906). "The Development of an Extra-Legal Constitution". English Local Government from the Revolution to the Municipal Corporations Act: The Parish and The County. Longmans Green & Co. pp. 512–521.
    5. "About Ordnance Survey, Britain's national mapping agency". Ordnancesurvey.co.uk. 2012-09-06. Archived from the original on 2012-10-05. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
    6. "Last Invasion". Fishguardonline.com. Retrieved 2012-09-23.
    7. Summerson, John (1980). The Life and Work of John Nash Architect. George Allen & Unwin.
    8. Mansbridge, Michael (1991). John Nash - A Complete Catalogue. London and New York: Phaidon Press.
    9. Suggett, Richard (1995). John Nash Architect-Pensaer. Aberystwyth: The Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales and The National Library of Wales.
    10. "History". ADEPT. Retrieved 6 January 2021.
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