Coup contrecoup injury

In head injury, a coup injury occurs under the site of impact with an object, and a contrecoup injury occurs on the side opposite the area that was hit.[1] Coup and contrecoup injuries are associated with cerebral contusions,[2] a type of traumatic brain injury in which the brain is bruised. Coup and contrecoup injuries can occur individually or together. When a moving object impacts the stationary head, coup injuries are typical,[3] while contrecoup injuries are produced when the moving head strikes a stationary object.[1]

When the head strikes a fixed object, the coup injury occurs at the site of impact and the contrecoup injury occurs at the opposite side.

Coup and contrecoup injuries are considered focal brain injuries – those that occur in a particular spot in the brain – as opposed to diffuse injuries, which occur over a more widespread area.[4] Diffuse axonal injury is the most prevalent pathology of coup contrecoup.[5]

The exact mechanism for the injuries, especially contrecoup injuries, is a subject of much debate.[6] In general, they involve an abrupt deceleration of the head, causing the brain to collide with the inside of the skull. It is likely that inertia is involved in the injuries, e.g. when the brain keeps moving after the skull is stopped by a fixed object or when the brain remains still after the skull is accelerated by an impact with a moving object.[6] Additionally, increased intracranial pressure and movement of cerebrospinal fluid following a trauma may play a role in the injury.[6][7]

Mechanisms
Coup contrecoup injury.

Coup injury may be caused when, during an impact, the brain undergoes linear acceleration and deceleration forces or rotational forces, causing it to collide with the opposite side of the skull.[7] The injuries can also be caused solely by acceleration or deceleration in the absence of an impact.[7] Contrecoup injury may be produced by tensile forces.[8] These forces directly disrupt neurons, axons, other neural and meningeal structures, and blood vessels in local or diffuse patterns, typically leading to various cellular, neurochemical and metabolic effects.[7]

Features

Contrecoup, which may occur in shaken baby syndrome and vehicle accidents, can cause diffuse axonal injury.[9] In some circumstances, concussive injury can cause microvascular disruption, hemorrhage, or subdural hematoma.[7][10]

Closed head injury (coup contrecoup) can damage more than the impact sites on the brain, as axon bundles may be torn or twisted, blood vessels may rupture, and elevated intracranial pressure can distort the walls of the ventricles.[7][10][11] Diffuse axonal injury is a key pathology in concussive brain injury.[5] The visual system may be affected.[12][13]

Contrecoup contusions are particularly common in the lower part of the frontal lobes and the front part of the temporal lobes.[4] Injuries that occur in body parts other than the brain, such as the lens of the eye,[2] the lung,[14] and the skull[15] may also result from concussion.

History

In the 17th century, Jean Louis Petit described contrecoup injuries.[16] In 1766, the French surgeon Antoine Louis coordinated a meeting of the Académie Royale de Chirurgie on contrecoup injuries, at which papers were to be presented, one of which would be chosen to receive the respected prize, the Prix de l'Académie Royale de Chirurgie. The presenter of the chosen paper was not awarded the prize because he failed to make recommended changes. In 1768, the group met again on the topic, and Louis Sebastian Saucerotte won the prize for his paper describing contrecoup injuries in humans and experiments on animals and recommending treatments such as bloodletting and application of herbs to patients' heads.[17]

  • In the Perry Mason TV series, contrecoup lacerations were used as evidence in at least two episodes, including "The Case of the Jaded Joker" (1959)[18] and "The Case of the Bluffing Blast" (1963).[19][20]
  • In "Hawkeye", an episode of M*A*S*H, Captain Hawkeye Pierce diagnoses himself as having a contrecoup injury.
  • In "Meld", an episode of Star Trek: Voyager, the ship's doctor is able to use the distinction between coup injury and contrecoup injury to determine that a dead crewman was murdered.
  • "Contrecoup" is the title of a They Might Be Giants song off their 2007 album The Else. It was written as a challenge to create a song using the words "contrecoup", "craniosophic", and "limerent".
  • In Stephen King's novel Duma Key, the main character has brain damage from a contrecoup injury (spelled "contracoup").

References
  1. Poirier MP (2003). "Concussions: Assessment, management, and recommendations for return to activity". Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine. 4 (3): 179–185. doi:10.1016/S1522-8401(03)00061-2.
  2. Lury K, Castillo M (2004). "Lens dislocation: An unusual form of contrecoup injury". American Journal of Roentgenology. 183 (1): 250–251. doi:10.2214/ajr.183.1.1830250. PMID 15208154.
  3. Morrison AL, King TM, Korell MA, Smialek JE, Troncoso JC (1998). "Acceleration-deceleration injuries to the brain in blunt force trauma". American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 19 (2): 109–112. doi:10.1097/00000433-199806000-00002. PMID 9662103.
  4. Hardman JM, Manoukian A (2002). "Pathology of head trauma". Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. 12 (2): 175–187, vii. doi:10.1016/S1052-5149(02)00009-6. PMID 12391630.
  5. Johnson, V. E; Stewart, W; Smith, D. H (2012). "Axonal Pathology in Traumatic Brain Injury". Experimental Neurology. 246: 35–43. doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2012.01.013. PMC 3979341. PMID 22285252.
  6. Shaw NA (2002). "The neurophysiology of concussion". Progress in Neurobiology. 67 (4): 281–344. doi:10.1016/S0301-0082(02)00018-7. PMID 12207973. S2CID 46514293.
  7. McKee, A. C; Daneshvar, D. H (2015). The neuropathology of traumatic brain injury. Handbook of Clinical Neurology. 127. pp. 45–66. doi:10.1016/B978-0-444-52892-6.00004-0. ISBN 9780444528926. PMC 4694720. PMID 25702209.
  8. Bernhardt DT (December 18, 2007). "Concussion". The New England Journal of Medicine. eMedicine.com. 356 (17): 1788, author reply 1789. PMID 17465046. Retrieved 2008-01-14.
  9. NINDS. "Traumatic Brain Injury: Hope Through Research". National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. Retrieved 2008-01-25.
  10. Li, F; Li, H; Xiao, Z; Lu, R; Zhang, Z; Zhu, H; Ren, L (2017). "A Review on Injury Mechanism of Intracerebral Hemorrhage in Vehicle Accidents". Current Pharmaceutical Design. 23 (15): 2177–2192. doi:10.2174/1381612823666161118144829. PMID 27855610.
  11. Carlson, Neil; Birkett, Melissa (2017). Physiology of Behavior. Pearson. pp. 494–495. ISBN 978-0-13-431927-8.
  12. Ventura, R. E; Balcer, L. J; Galetta, S. L (2014). "The neuro-ophthalmology of head trauma". The Lancet Neurology. 13 (10): 1006–16. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(14)70111-5. PMID 25231523. S2CID 14736729.
  13. Ventura, R. E; Balcer, L. J; Galetta, S. L (2015). "The Concussion Toolbox: The Role of Vision in the Assessment of Concussion". Seminars in Neurology. 35 (5): 599–606. doi:10.1055/s-0035-1563567. PMID 26444405.
  14. Oyetunji, T. A; Jackson, H. T; Obirieze, A. C; Moore, D; Branche, M. J; Greene, W. R; Cornwell Ee, 3rd; Siram, S. M (2013). "Associated injuries in traumatic sternal fractures: A review of the National Trauma Data Bank". The American Surgeon. 79 (7): 702–5. doi:10.1177/000313481307900714. PMID 23816003. S2CID 30029379.
  15. Gennarelli GA, Graham DI (2005). "Neuropathology". In Silver JM, McAllister TW, Yudofsky SC (eds.). Textbook Of Traumatic Brain Injury. Washington, D.C.: American Psychiatric Association. p. 29. ISBN 1-58562-105-6. Retrieved 2008-06-10.
  16. Masferrer R, Masferrer M, Prendergast V, Harrington TR (2000). "Grading Scale for Cerebral Concussions". BNI Quarterly. Barrow Neurological Institute. 16 (1). ISSN 0894-5799.
  17. Finger S (2001). Origins of Neuroscience: A History of Explorations into Brain Function. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 429–430. ISBN 0-19-514694-8. OCLC 471656884.
  18. Transcript
  19. Transcript
  20. Archive of "The Next Big Thing" radio, Jan. 13, 2005, Perry Mason clip played at 23:43 and 28:25.
  • The dictionary definition of contrecoup at Wiktionary
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