Crowell-Collier Publishing Company

Crowell Publishing acquired The American Magazine in 1911 from the Phillips Publishing Company.[2][5][6][8] The magazine had muckraking roots but with the decline of muckraking journalism it had turned into a general interest magazine.[2] However, an article in the New York Times noted that "the purchase of the American Magazine by Crowell Publishing Company meant that 'the interests' were bent on swallowing up the muckrakers..."[9] They pointed to the fact that one of the heavy stockholders in the Crowell firm was Thomas W. Lamont who was also a partner of the newly formed J. P. Morgan & Company. Cleveland Moffett, a known muckraking journalist was quoted, "...we are up against the powers of darkness. The right of free speech in America is in jeopardy. They are trying to muzzle the magazines. Several magazines have changed hands recently.[9] They have come under the control of interests, and in each of them the muckraking features will cease. Muckraking, in spite of its name, is a power in this country, standing as it does to promote good citizenship."[9] However, a second New York Times article about the acquisition stated that writers such as Ida Tarbell, Peter F. Dunne, and William Allen White were pleased with the opportunity.[8] A spokesman from Phillips said that "...instead of reaching 300,000 readers, we can now reach 3,000,000 readers through our new allies in the publication field. We ourselves were afraid the Trusts were behind the proposition before we looked into it, but all the magazines we affiliate with are insurgent like ourselves, and controlled by persons of insurgent sympathies."[8]

That same year, several magazine publishers including Crowell were accused of conspiring to keep up magazine prices through the Periodical Clearing House. According to John Wood, a magazine man whose business had been severely impacted, the Periodical Clearing House was organized by law clerks and employees of the magazines.[10] Wood claimed that ruinous fines had impacted his ability to sell subscriptions. At the same time libraries in the Central Western and Western states complained that the clearing house caused the cessation of club rates on magazines to libraries.[10]

In 1919, the Crowell Publishing Company bought another general interest magazine, Collier's: The National Weekly, and assumed control of Collier's book publishing.[11] Collier's also had roots in muckraking journalism and social reform and had one of the largest magazine subscription audiences, then around one million weekly.[5] The book-publishing arm published popular and serious literature topics as well as the Collier's Encyclopedia and published six million copies a year of books.[5]

Press room at the Crowell-Collier Publishing Company in Springfield, Ohio (1949)

Proofing machine at the Crowell-Collier Publishing Company in Springfield, Ohio (1949)

By 1924, the weekly circulation of Collier's had grown to 1,250,000.[12] Crowell moved its print operations to Springfield, Ohio, because of "excessive postage involved in mailing from a seaboard city under wartime postal rates".[12] The editorial and business departments remained in New York.[12]

In 1930 Farm & Fireside magazine changed its name to The Country Home.[2] Also in 1930, the Crowell Publishing Company and P. F. Collier and Sons were sued for libel by R.B. Creager, a Republican National Committeeman for Texas. Creager sought $500,000 in damages after an article titled "High-Handed and Hell-Bent" appeared in Collier's Weekly. The article by Owen P. White covered a political situation on the Mexican border in Hidalgo County. The jury returned a verdict for Crowell Publishing.[13]

In 1939, Crowell Publishing merged the New York operations and changed the company name to The Crowell-Collier Publishing Co.[4][14] That same year, The Country Home was discontinued.[15][16]

In 1940 the FTC investigated the sales methods used for the Collier's Encyclopedia. The publishing company and its officers and directors of the corporations were charged with misleading sale methods and representations in the sale of books and encyclopedias. The complaint charged that "contrary to claims made, none of the respondents' publications is ever given as the result of a drawing or free, and as a gift or gratuity; that the purchase price of so-called free goods is, in every instance, included in the price of other merchandise sold to the customer; that in no case do they sell at actual cost, that the sum of $59 represented as a reduced price is the regular price, and that other claims are 'also deceptive and misleading.'"[17]

During World War II, Crowell-Collier sponsored publication of a magazine for servicemen called Victory.[18]

In 1946, the Vanderbilt mansion at Fifth Avenue and Fifty-First Street was slated to be razed and replaced with a 19-story office building for the Crowell-Collier Publishing Company.[19]

Shown in 2011, the Crowell-Collier building in Springfield, Ohio, was partially demolished in 2014. In July 2019 the city approved a permit for demolishing all of the remaining Crowell-Collier buildings, which once occupied 900,000 square feet.[20]

In the mid-1950s, Crowell-Collier had heavy deficits and discontinued The American Magazine, Collier's, and Woman's Home Companion.[2] In December 1956 the company closed its Springfield plant, which at one point had employed more than 2,000 people.[2] The closing shocked both publishers and readers.[21] Many in the magazine field deemed the closing "a foolish and impetuous move",[22] but as the company moved to reinvent itself as a producer of books and educational materials, the move was seen as shrewd and far-visioned.[22]

By the early 1960s, Crowell-Collier had recovered financially. Leaving behind its roots in magazine publishing, it now turned to the growing market for education produced by the baby boom in the United States. Book sales had surged for reference books, textbooks, and encyclopedias and like many of the large publishers of that era such as Random House and Simon & Schuster, Crowell-Collier embarked on a merger and acquisitions spree.[23][24] Crowell-Collier kicked off the decade by merging with the American Macmillan company and moved into the educational space. This was then followed by a number of mergers and acquisitions.[25] On the move into education, Chairman Raymond C. Hagel said, "We envision our major role as that of a developer of complete educational systems." He explained that an educational system was a "unified instructional package involving a variety of tools." and that "the business of education has become a successor to the defense industry. It is a security lifeline."[26] Crowell would end the decade as Crowell Collier & Macmillan, a large conglomeration of subsidiaries that included books, schools, magazines, educational tools, bookstores, book clubs and radio stations and with an annual revenue of $390 million.[27]

In December 1959, Crowell-Collier acquired 29 percent of Macmillan Company[23][28] which published fiction, non-fiction, textbooks, reference books, religious books and children's books.[29] By August 1960, Crowell-Collier held a 52.8 percent interest in Macmillan,[28] and on December 30, 1960, the companies merged.[30]

Macmillan was once the American division of the British Macmillan Publishers (opened in 1869) and had been run by generations of the Brett family who eventually bought the company from the British in 1896. Macmillan published some notable authors including Jack London, Margaret Mitchell, and Winston Churchill.

At the time, the majority of Macmillan's sales came from textbooks[24][31][32] and for Macmillan the merger meant access to cash and capital to grow their textbook market.[24] Crowell-Collier ran Macmillan as a subsidiary but in 1965 Crowell-Collier officially changed its name to Crowell Collier & Macmillan, Inc.[33] Publishing was dropped from the company name to reflect its broadened scope into education.[34]

Textbooks and encyclopedias were a booming business in 1959. While general books accounted for $408 million in sales, textbooks and encyclopedias totaled $597 million.[24] Crowell's subsidiary P. F. Collier and Sons published the Collier's Encyclopedia and released a new 24-volume set in 1962.[35] Since 1909 (vols 1-25) and 1910 (vols 26-50) it also published the 50-volume Harvard Classics (expanded to 51 volumes in 1914), an anthology of classic and world literature.[35] The company expanded the line of encyclopedias by announcing that it would use the resources of Crowell-Collier, Macmillan and Free Press to begin work on a new multi-volume set on social sciences.[36] W. Allen Wallis, named chairman of the editorial board for the encyclopedia said, "In the past few years we have stressed the physical sciences because of our concern for defense, and the biological sciences because of our interest in better health. Perhaps of even greater importance to the continued survival of our country and, therefore, the whole free world, will be our ability to solve some of the great social problems of the day."[36]

UBN Collier's Encyclopedia

The Federal Trade Commission again cited Crowell-Collier and subsidiary P. F. Collier and Sons with making false claims through the door-to-door salesmen of the encyclopedias.[37] In an article on stockholder questions in The New York Times, shareholders at a meeting in 1963 complained about tactics used by door-to-door encyclopedia salesmen.[38] Nine years later in 1969, the F.T.C. ordered the distributors of Collier's Encyclopedias to stop the use of deceptive sales promoting the publication. The agency charged the company with "Implying through promotional literature and door-to-door salesmen that a set of the encyclopedias would be given free or at a reduced price if yearly supplements were purchased."[39]

In 1960, Crowell began to expand further into general book markets. Collier Books, the paperback division of Crowell-Collier Publishing Company, began publishing in October 1961 at the rate of 50 paperback titles a month.[40][41] The list included scholarly books, nonfiction and fiction reprints and original works.[41][42] Crowell-Collier Press was a hardcover publisher started in 1962 with a focus on adult nonfiction and children's books.[40] The children's series, the Modern Masters Books for Children, was edited by anthologist Louis Untermeyer and included picture books by Robert Graves (The Big Green Book), Shirley Jackson (9 Magic Wishes) and Phyllis McGinley (The B Book).[43] The books were created using a controlled vocabulary of fewer than 800 words created by elementary educators.[44]

In 1962, Crowell also purchased book club distributor Scientific Materials, Inc., which included Library of Science, Science Book Club, Natural History Book Club, and Basic Book Service. In addition to the four professional level book clubs, two others aimed at young adults including the Young Adults' Division and Junior Scientists Division of the Library of Science were also a part of the acquisition. Crowell-Collier later that same year turned around and sold the toy manufacturing arm of Scientific Materials, Inc. to Allis-Chalmers manufacturing[45][46]

In 1962, Crowell made another push into the book market with a purchase of book clubs and retail bookstores. In the same year, they purchased 16 Brentano's bookstores. At the time bookstores were heavily competing with department stores and discount houses offering reduced rates for bestsellers.[47] By 1967, the Brentano's chain had grown to 21 stores and had sales of $7 million.[48]

In 1962, Crowell-Collier Publishing Company created a new division called Crowell-Collier Educational Corporation. The educational arm was created to develop instructional and reference materials as well as teaching aids for us in schools, colleges, adult education, business, and industrial training and home study.[49]

Other acquisitions included the following:

• English Language Services, Inc. (1962), instructional materials used abroad to teach English-as-a-second language.[50]
• Publication Corporation (1968)[51]
• Associated Films, Inc. (1968), an educational film distribution company[51]
• Bruce Publishing Company (1968), a publisher of Catholic religion and educational books.[52]
• P.J. Kenedy & Sons (1968), a publisher of Catholic religion and educational books.[53]
• Hagstrom Company, Inc (1968), creator of educational materials and services.[54]
• Fleetwood Films, Inc. (1968), films for home and educational use.[54]
• Pandex, Inc, (1968) a reference company.[54]
• Brandon (1968), another education and film distribution company.[55]
• G. Schirmer, Inc.,(1968) a music and publishing company
• Studio Vista, Ltd. (1968)—British publisher of books on graphic arts, architecture and design.[56]
• Geoffrey Chapman, Ltd. (1968)-British publisher of Catholic books[57]
• Benziger Brothers (1969)—publishers of religious and education books.[58]
• Cassell & Co. Holdings, Ltd, (1969). a British publishing company.[59]
• Standard Rate & Data Services, Inc., a publisher of advertising and marketing data, and National Register Publishing, a directory publisher.[60]

La Salle Extension University Alumni Pin

Vocational training became big business in the 1960s as companies attempted fill a void between a high school diploma and college degrees and Crowell-Collier made significant acquisitions expanding into this market.[61] In 1960, Crowell purchased the La Salle Extension University—a correspondence school.[25][26] In 1965 Crowell Collier & Macmillan, Inc. purchased Berlitz Schools of Languages of America, Inc.and Berlitz Publications for $5 million.[62][63] Crowell purchased Katherine Gibbs School, Inc. a secretarial school.[64] It also attempted to acquire Famous Artists Schools, Inc. a writing and art correspondence school by purchasing 25% of shares which it later sold to institutional investors in 1968.[65][66]

In 1969, Crowell filed a lawsuit against National Home Study Council of Washington which was a private accrediting agency. The suit said that National Home was a monopoly and had denied re-accreditation to the U.S. School of Music, Inc. and La Salle Extension University.[67] By 1969, Crowell made 22% of its revenue from La Salle Extension University, Berlitz, and Katharine Gibbs.[68] The lawsuit settled but at the same time, the entire mail-order schooling came under fire from the New York Times for dubious practices including "overblown advertising, fast talking salesmen, questionable instruction and marginal results."[69]

In 1968 the company merged with Publication Corporation, a leading printer of Sunday magazines for newspapers and the publisher of This Week magazine. The companies had a shared history—Joseph P. Knapp, who had helped develop the Crowell Publishing Company, had founded Publication Corporation as American Lithograph Company in 1891. The Publication had also been a principal stockholder of Crowell-Collier—owning 24% at one point.[70] The goal for the merger was to distribute periodicals efficiently in the education market.[70] By 1969, Crowell made the decision to shut down the This Week magazine which had a circulation of 9 million as a weekend supplement for papers such as The Providence Journal and the Kansas City Star.[71]

In 1969 Crowell Collier & Macmillan went back to publishing magazines but with a focus on education.[72] They acquired six magazines including Grade Teacher, the Catholic School Journal, Industrial Arts and Vocational Education, College Management, School Management and Business Management.[72] These magazines made up a subsidiary CCM magazines based in Greenwich, Conn.[72]

Crowell-Collier Broadcasting operated radio stations in Los Angeles (KFWB), San Francisco-Oakland-San Jose (KEWB) and Minneapolis-St. Paul (KDWB).[31][73]

In 1969 Crowell-Collier purchased the Gump's store in San Francisco.[74]

Crowell-Collier purchased C.G. Conn a manufacturer of musical instruments in 1968.[75]

In 1966 the company consolidated 1400 employees into a new building on 866 3rd Avenue called the Crowell Collier & Macmillan building.[76]

By the start of the 1970s, Crowell Collier & Macmillan was now a $400 million multinational producer of books and educational materials.[77] Crowell Collier & Macmillan decided to change the name of the company to Macmillan, Inc. First, though, they encountered a legal battle over the name with Macmillan, Ltd. of London—who had spun-off from the original American Macmillan in 1896. For the name to take effect on January 1, 1973,[78] the companies agreed to some conditions including the American company using Crowell-Collier or another name to distinguish the businesses in which the British Macmillan operated. The British Macmillan stated that the name had already been causing confusion with the public resulting in misdirected book orders and the fear that the American company was planning to use the name to compete unfairly in markets where the British company was active. The case cited the Lanham Act, the trademark act of 1946.[77]

The Harvard Classics books on a bookshelf

This was not the only legal battle that the now Macmillan, Inc. faced at the start of the seventies. Macmillan sued Charles F. Berlitz, grandson of the founder of Berlitz to prohibit him from using the Berlitz name in travel and writing businesses.[79] Berlitz won the lawsuit and was awarded $376,000 and the right to use his name as an author of books on foreign languages.[80] The Justice Department filed a civil anti-trust suit against Crowell, Collier & Macmillan, Inc. in 1970 and requested that it divest itself from C.G. Conn, Ltd (a manufacturer and retailer of musical instruments) and Uniforms by Ostwald, Inc. (manufacturer and retailer of band uniforms).[81]

Crowell-Collier was also under fire by the FTC again in 1972 and accused of using deceptive practices in selling its The Harvard Classics and in billing encyclopedia buyers and also in recruiting of encyclopedia salesmen. Of The Harvard Classics, the FTC stated that while the company marketed that one or several volumes were offered free or for $1 each "with the understanding that additional volumes priced at $3.98 would be shipped periodically for free examination", many volumes would be shipped in a bulk shipment. Buyers were subjected to repeated mailings of bills. Crowell responded that they had already discontinued the Harvard Classics "continuity" program and that any "isolated" occurrences or procedures had been changed. For the encyclopedias, Crowell was accused of raising the price on Encyclopedia annual supplements called Yearbooks. They were also accused of advertising positions for encyclopedia salesman as "administrative assistant trainees" and "marketing and public relations personnel". Crowell issued a statement disavowing any violations but agreed to negotiate a consent order.[82]

Martin Gardner protesting Crowell-Collier's publishing of the psychic surgeon John G. Fuller's book Arigo withdrew publication of his own (Gardner) book.[83]