Disjoining pressure

Disjoining pressure can be expressed as:[4]

${\displaystyle \Pi _{D}=-{1 \over A}\left({\frac {\partial G}{\partial x}}\right)_{T,V,A}}$

where:

• Π_d - disjoining pressure, N/m²
• A - the surface area of the interacting surfaces, m²
• G - total Gibbs energy of the interaction of the two surfaces, J
• x - distance, m
• indices T, V and A signify that the temperature, volume, and the surface area remain constant in the derivative.

Dependence of the pressure in the film at surface A and the pressure in the bulk

Using the concept of the disjoining pressure, the pressure in a film can be viewed as:[4]

${\displaystyle P=P_{0}+\Pi _{D}}$

where:

• P - pressure in a film, Pa
• P₀ - pressure in the bulk of the same phase as that of the film, Pa.

Disjoining pressure is interpreted as a sum of several interactions: dispersion forces, electrostatic forces between charged surfaces, interactions due to layers of neutral molecules adsorbed on the two surfaces, and the structural effects of the solvent.

Classic theory predicts that the disjoining pressure of a thin liquid film on a flat surface as follows,[5]

${\displaystyle \Pi _{D}=-{{A_{H}} \over {6\pi \delta _{0}^{3}}}}$

where:

• A_H - Hamaker constant, J
• δ₀ - liquid film thickness, m

For a solid-liquid-vapor system where the solid surface is structured, the disjoining pressure is affected by the solid surface profile, ζ_S , and the meniscus shape, ζ_L [6]

${\displaystyle {\Pi _{D}(x,{{\zeta }_{\text{L}}(x)})}=\int d^{2}\rho {\int _{\zeta _{\text{L}}(x)-\zeta _{\text{S}}(x+\rho )}^{+\infty }}dz\omega (\rho ,z)}$

where:

• ω(ρ,z) - solid-liquid potential, J/m⁶

The meniscus shape can be by minimization of total system free energy as follows [7]

${\displaystyle {\delta W_{\text{total}}}={{\partial W_{\text{total}}} \over {\partial {\zeta _{\text{L}}}}}\delta \zeta _{\text{L}}+{{\partial W_{\text{total}}} \over {\partial \zeta _{\text{L}}^{'}}}\delta \zeta _{\text{L}}^{'}=0}$

where:

• W_total - , total system free energy including surface excess energy and free energy due to solid-liquid interactions, J/m²
• ζ_L - meniscus shape, m
• ζ'_L - slope of meniscus shape, 1

In the theory of liquid drops and films, the disjoining pressure can be shown to be related to the equilibrium liquid-solid contact angle ${\displaystyle \theta _{e}}$ through the relation[8]

${\displaystyle \cos \theta _{e}=1+{\frac {1}{\gamma }}\int _{h_{0}}^{\infty }\Pi _{D}(h)dh}$ ,

where ${\displaystyle \gamma }$ is the liquid-vapor surface tension and ${\displaystyle h_{0}}$ is the precursor film thickness.

• Capillary condensation
• Capillary pressure
• Hamaker constant
• Thin-film equation