Easiness effect

The easiness effect is the claim that as a result of science popularization laypeople develop an overconfident scientific understanding. This results in science-related decision-making that reflects a misunderstanding of popular science rather than the judgment of professional scientists.[1]

Context

Rainer Bromme and Susan Goldman, writing in the Educational Psychologist describe the context, stating "Challenges to understanding science include determining the relevance of information, the tentativeness of scientific truth, distinguishing between scientific and nonscientific issues, and determining what is true and what is false."[2]

Scotty Hendricks, a contributing writer to BigThink.com, notes that popular science writers might have to start considering the effect that their work has on the general public.[3]

Evidence

Scharrer and her co-authors studied the claimed effect by inviting laypeople to read popular science articles and/or articles with more scientific detail, publishing their results in Public Understanding of Science.[1] The subjects were then interviewed to judge their scientific opinions and confidence in those opinions, in relation to the material that they had read. Scharrer's team inferred that there was a statistically significant effect of scientific overconfidence and willingness to override expert opinion.[1]

In some of their experiments, Scharrer's team attempted to counteract the easiness effect by explicitly warning subjects of the complexity and controversiality of the scientific material presented. They found that the easiness effect disappeared partially but not completely.[1] The researchers suggest that it has to do mostly with writing style. Popular articles condense the science and speak with certainty whereas an academic paper speaks mostly in terms of probability. Hence reading mostly popularizations leads to overconfidence in the results.[3]

Countermeasures

Scharrer and her co-authors recommended "explicitly highlighting topic complexity and controversiality" in order to reduce the easiness effect, and additionally recommended "a need for further educating the public on the division of cognitive labor and its implications for making judgments" and adding to formal science education the notion that "making reliable judgments often requires deference to scientific experts".[1]

Commentary

Mark Carnall of The Guardian said that the expanded access that laypeople have to simplified explanations of scientific facts may be the cause of their rising distrust in experts. The partial understanding they get from the "easy-to-digest science stories" from the media and bad science communication would give them confidence to reject the actual claims that scientists make. He expresses the concern that "alternative facts" exploit this effect to confuse what scientific facts really are and highlights the importance of critical thinking skills to counter this phenomenon.[4]

See also

References
  1. Scharrer, Lisa; Rupieper, Yvonne; Stadtler, Marc; Bromme, Rainer (30 November 2016). "When science becomes too easy: Science popularization inclines laypeople to underrate their dependence on experts". Public Understanding of Science. SAGE Publications. 26 (8): 1003–1018. doi:10.1177/0963662516680311. ISSN 0963-6625. PMID 27899471.
  2. Bromme, Rainer; Goldman, Susan R. (3 April 2014). "The Public's Bounded Understanding of Science". Educational Psychologist. Informa UK Limited. 49 (2): 59–69. doi:10.1080/00461520.2014.921572. ISSN 0046-1520.
  3. Hendricks, Scotty. "By Demanding Too Much from Science, We Became a Post-Truth Society". bigthink.com. Retrieved 6 August 2018.
  4. "Facts are the reason science is losing during the current war on reason". The Guardian. 2017-02-01. ISSN 0261-3077. Archived from the original on 2017-07-22. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
  • Bromme, Rainer; Thomm, Eva (January 2016). "Knowing Who Knows: Laypersons' Capabilities to Judge Experts' Pertinence for Science Topics". Cognitive Science. 40 (1): 241–252. doi:10.1111/cogs.12252.
  • Kimmerle, Joachim; Flemming, Danny; Feinkohl, Insa; Cress, Ulrike (12 November 2014). "How Laypeople Understand the Tentativeness of Medical Research News in the Media". Science Communication. 37 (2): 173–189. doi:10.1177/1075547014556541.
  • Scharrer, Lisa (2013). Why Ask an Expert if it's that Simple? The Easiness Effect of Science Popularization (Ph.D thesis). Münster: Westfälische Wilhelms-University. OCLC 881617096.
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