Elaine Black Yoneda

Elaine Black Yoneda (September 4, 1906 – May 29, 1988) was an American labor and civil rights activist, member of the Communist Party[1] and candidate for political office in California.

Elaine Black Yoneda
Yoneda in 1942
Born
Rose Elaine Buchman

(1906-09-04)September 4, 1906
Connecticut, U.S.
DiedMay 29, 1988(1988-05-29) (aged 81)
NationalityAmerican
EducationSan Diego High School
OccupationLabor and civil rights activist
Political partyCommunist Party USA
Spouse(s)
Edward Francis Russell, Jr.
​
​
(m. 1925, separated)​

​
(m. 1935)​
Children2
Yoneda with her husband Karl and son Tommy at Manzanar in 1942

Early years

Yoneda was born Rose Elaine Buchman in Connecticut to Russian Jewish immigrants Nathan and Mollie Buchman. Her parents, child laborers in a Ukraine match factory, had from an early age been active in the Jewish Workers Alliance.[2] The two fled Tsarist Russia in 1902, and Yoneda was born shortly after their arrival in the United States in 1905. The family settled in Brooklyn, New York. In 1920 Yoneda's family moved to Lemon Grove, California, and then San Diego where her father ran a dry goods store and Elaine attended San Diego High School. By 1924 the family was living in Los Angeles, where Yoneda helped out in the family clothing store and completed secretarial training. She attended a meeting of the Young Workers League at the encouragement of her parents, where she met Edward Francis Russell, Jr. They married in 1925 and Yoneda gave birth to their daughter Joyce in 1927.[3][4][5]

Politicization

In 1930 Yoneda became active in the labor movement after observing a demonstration in which the Los Angeles Red Squad assaulted an elderly woman. Yoneda joined the International Labor Defense (ILD) and by 1931 she was working for the ILD office as a clerical worker. As part of her duties, Yoneda bailed out Japanese American demonstrator Karl "Hama" Yoneda, who had been beaten and arrested by the Los Angeles Police Department. Shortly thereafter, Yoneda separated from Edward Russell and in 1935 she and Karl Yoneda were married in Seattle, Washington; anti-miscegenation laws in California made it illegal for them to marry in California.[4][6]

After relocating to San Francisco with Karl sometime in the early 1930s, Yoneda continued her activities in the civil rights, labor, and union movements, and also joined the Communist Party and worked for the ILD as a district secretary. Yoneda's work with the ILD included supporting striking agricultural workers and visiting prisoners such as Tom Mooney and others who had been arrested under the Criminal Syndicalism laws.

Yoneda herself was arrested in Dolores Park, San Francisco, for participating in a rally against the Criminal Syndicalism laws in March 1935. Yoneda became known as the “Red Angel” for her work in defending union members and labor demonstrators in the San Francisco waterfront and General Strike of 1934.[7] She was the only woman on the steering committee of the 1934 General Strike.[8] Yoneda participated in many high-profile labor and civil rights activities such as the Salinas Lettuce Strike, National Scottsboro Week and Spanish Civil War relief. She ran for the San Francisco Board of Supervisors in 1939 on a platform of free day care, low cost housing, and civil rights. She was defeated.[3][4][9]

Internment

After the bombing of Pearl Harbor in 1941, Yoneda's husband and the couple's two-year-old son, Tommy, were sent to the internment camp in Manzanar, California. Yoneda entrusted her daughter Joyce into the care of her parents and remained with Karl and Tommy in the camp.[10] After Karl began volunteering intelligence for the United States, she was allowed to move back to San Francisco with her son.[11][12]

Later years and death

After the war the family purchased a chicken ranch near Petaluma, California. Yoneda kept up her activities in labor and civil rights movements, acting as chair for the Sonoma chapter of the Civil Rights Congress. The farm was sold in 1960 and the family returned to San Francisco. She remained involved with a variety of labor organizations, including the International Longshore and Warehouse Union's Women's Auxiliary[1] and the Office Workers Union, and also participated in peace movements and various civil rights cases, including the Wilmington Ten. The Yoneda family made annual trips to Manzanar and were active with the Japanese American Citizens League in campaigning for redress and reparations for Japanese Americans incarcerated during World War II.[3][4]

Yoneda attended a longshoremen's rally supporting the Rev. Jesse Jackson's presidential campaign the day before she died of a heart attack on May 29, 1988.[13]

References
  1. Earl Browder; Herbert Aptheker; Gus Hall (1991). Political Affairs. New Century Publishers. p. 43.
  2. Left History. Department of History, Queen's University. 2001. p. 13.
  3. Yoneda, Elaine Black. Elaine Black Yoneda oral history. California Historical Society.
  4. "Elaine Black Yoneda Collection". Online Archive of California. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  5. Raineri, Vivian McGuckin (1991). The Red Angel: The Life and Times of Elaine Black Yoneda. International Publishers Co.
  6. Allison Varzally (2 April 2008). Making a Non-White America: Californians Coloring outside Ethnic Lines, 1925-1955. University of California Press. pp. 100–. ISBN 978-0-520-94127-4.
  7. Vivian McGuckin Raineri (1 January 1991). The Red Angel: The Life and Times of Elaine Black Yoneda. International Publishers Co. ISBN 978-0-7178-0686-7.
  8. Victoria Lee Johnson (1996). "Get together, stick together and tell the boss to go to hell": a comparative study of general strikes in Seattle 1919 and San Francisco 1934. University of California, Davis. p. 132.
  9. "Obituaries: Elaine Black Yoneda, 81; 'The Red Angel' of the 1930s". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
  10. Susan Ware (2004). Notable American Women: A Biographical Dictionary Completing the Twentieth Century. Harvard University Press. pp. 709–. ISBN 978-0-674-01488-6.
  11. Jim Newton (2 October 2007). Justice for All: Earl Warren and the Nation He Made. Penguin Publishing Group. pp. 137–. ISBN 978-1-4406-1980-9.
  12. Richard Reeves (21 April 2015). Infamy: The Shocking Story of the Japanese American Internment in World War II. Henry Holt and Company. pp. 119–. ISBN 978-0-8050-9939-3.
  13. "Elaine Black Yoneda, 81, Radical Labor Activist". New York Times. Retrieved 24 April 2015.
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