Emphatic consonant

In Semitic linguistics, an emphatic consonant is an obstruent consonant which originally contrasted with series of both voiced and voiceless obstruents. In specific Semitic languages, the members of this series may be realized as uvularized or pharyngealized, velarized, ejective, or plain voiced or voiceless consonants. It is also used, to a lesser extent, to describe cognate series in other Afro-Asiatic languages, where they are typically realized as ejective, implosive, or pharyngealized consonants.

In Semitic studies, they are commonly transcribed using the convention of placing a dot under the closest plain obstruent consonant in the Latin alphabet. With respect to particular Semitic and Afro-Asiatic languages, this term describes the particular phonetic feature which distinguishes these consonants from other consonants. Thus, in Arabic emphasis is synonymous with a secondary articulation involving retraction of the dorsum or root of the tongue, which has variously been described as velarization or pharyngealization depending on where the locus of the retraction is assumed to be. Original emphatic k developed into [q] in most Semitic languages; strictly speaking, it has thus ceased to be an emphatic version of k and has become a completely different consonant. (Accordingly, another common transcription in Semitic languages is q).

Within Arabic, the emphatic consonants vary in phonetic realization from dialect to dialect, but are typically realized as pharyngealized consonants. In Ethiopian Semitic and Modern South Arabian languages, they are realized as ejective consonants. While these sounds do not necessarily share any particular phonetic properties in common, most historically derive from a common source.

Five such "emphatic" phonemes are reconstructed for Proto-Semitic:

Proto-Semitic Phoneme DescriptionIPATrans.HebrewAramaicArabic IPA Trans.
Alveolar ejective[tʼ]ṭTetTethṬāʼ ط [tˤ] ṭ
Dental ejective fricative[θʼ]ṱTsadiTethẒāʾ ظ [ðˤ] ẓ
Alveolar fricative or affricate[(t)sʼ]ṣTsadiṢadeṢad ص [sˤ] ṣ
Alveolar lateral ejective fricative or affricate[(t)ɬʼ]ṣ́TsadiAyinḌād ض1 [dˤ] ḍ
Velar ejective[kʼ]ḳQophQophQāf ق2 [q] q

Notes
  1. Historically, the emphatic consonant /dˤ/ was actually pronounced [ɮˤ], or possibly [d͡ɮˤ][1]—either way, a highly unusual sound. The medieval Arabs even termed their language لغة الضاد lughat al-ḍād 'the language of the Ḍād' (the name of the letter used for this sound), believing the sound unique to their language.
  2. In the Arabic dialects of Hejaz and Najd the emphatic [kʼ] developed to a plain [g] instead the common [q] through a chain shift /kʼ/ → /g/ → /d͡ʒ/ which correlates with the original Gimel being pronounced as an affricate /d͡ʒ/ Jīm ج.

General Modern Hebrew and Maltese are notable exceptions among Semitic languages to the presence of emphatic consonants. In both languages, they have been lost under the influence of Indo-European languages.

  • In Hebrew, the letter tsadi (from Proto-Semitic ṱ, ṣ, ṣ́) remains distinct as an affricate /ts/, but without pharyngealization. Emphatic ḳ has been merged with plain k in some positions, but remains distinct post-vocally, where the plain consonant becomes /x/, while the original emphatic does not. Semitic ṭ has been fully merged with plain t.
  • In Maltese, only emphatic ḳ (= q) remains distinct. It is still realised as a uvular stop [q] in a few villages but has otherwise developed into a glottal stop. All other emphatics have been merged into plain consonants. However, they are sometimes still recognizable from special vocalic developments that they triggered before the mergers. Compare sejf ("sword") with sajf ("summer"), in which the latter originally had an emphatic ṣ that prevented the a from becoming e (as it did in the former word with a plain s).

References
  1. Ferguson, Charles (1959), "The Arabic Koine", Language, 35 (4): 630, doi:10.2307/410601, JSTOR 410601


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