Emulsified fuel

Emulsified Fuels are emulsions composed of water and a combustible liquid, either oil or a fuel. Emulsions are a particular example of a dispersion comprising a continuous and a dispersed phase. Most commonly used emulsion fuel is water-in-diesel emulsion.[1] In the case of emulsions both phases are the immiscible liquids, oil and water. Emulsion fuels can be either a microemulsion or an ordinary emulsion (sometimes referred to as macroemulsion, to differentiate them from microemulsions). The essential differences between the two are stability (microemulsions are thermodynamically stable systems, whereas macroemulsions are kinetically stabilized) and particle size distribution (microemulsions are formed spontaneously and have dimensions of 10 to 200 nm, whereas macroemulsions are formed by a shearing process and have dimensions of 100 nm to over 1 micrometer). Microemulsions are isotropic whereas macroemulsions are prone to settling (or creaming) and changes in particle size over time. Both use surfactants (also called emulsifiers) and can be either water-in-oil (invert emulsions), or oil-in-water (regular emulsions) or bicontinuous (also called multiple or complex emulsions).

Applications

Water continuous (oil-in-water) emulsified fuels are exemplified by the Orimulsion system and bitumen emulsions. These are often described as a high internal phase emulsions (hipe) because the continuous phase is around 30% of the composition of the fuel it is more usual for the dispersed phase to be the minor component. Water continuous emulsions of very heavy crudes, bitumen are easier to pump than the original fuel, which would require considerable heating and / or dilution with a distilled product (kerosene or light crude) in order to make them easy to handle. Water continuous emulsions of residual fuel, heavy fuel oils etc. which have a calorific value and are used in industrial applications can also be converted to emulsified fuels, thus reducing the need to use cutter fluids and improving the combustion emissions associated with the inferior fuels.

Orimulsion has now been superseded by MSAR® with over 10 years of continuous development behind it.

MSAR® is a low viscosity oil-in-water emulsified synthetic HFO. It is manufactured using proprietary technology to mix heavy residual oils with small amounts of specialist chemicals and water to a bespoke formulation. The resulting emulsion contains approximately 30% water and less than 1% chemicals. The emulsion is a low viscosity, liquid at room temperature, which makes it easier to handle and reduces the heating costs for storing, transportation and use in comparison to HFOs.

In addition, the hydrocarbon droplets are pre-atomised within the emulsion and are significantly smaller than the droplets formed from atomising HFO; this means that when used MSAR® burns almost completely, leaving virtually no particulate carbon in the exhaust and making it more environmentally friendly.

Oil continuous (water-in-oil) emulsified fuels are exemplified by diesel (or biodiesel blended fuels) and water emulsions. These emulsified fuels were recognized in Europe (France and Italy) and CEN workshop standard was established (CWA 15145:2004). Other types of fuels have been emulsified contain between 5 and 30% water (by mass) in the overall fuel emulsion. Water-in-diesel fuel emulsion could be used as an alternative fuel for low emissions and high brake thermal efficiency.[2]

Microemulsions of fuels have also been prepared. The type of surfactants and quantities required to make these emulsion fuels sets them apart from other commercial emulsion fuels. These are considered where safety issues (e.g. fire prevention;[3]) or commercial return justify the extra costs (e.g. enhance oil recovery, surfactant flooding;[4]).

Recently a new emulsion fuel has been made known as GMD (gomutra-in-diesel) emulsion fuel.[5] This fuel has been synthesized by mixing cow-urine (gomutra) in the diesel. With the use of this fuel, diesel exhaust emissions have been found to be reduced drastically along with the increase in engine efficiency.[6]

Theory

The main advantages to using emulsified fuels instead of the fuel itself are environmental and economic benefits. Addition of water to the diesel process decreases combustion temperatures and lowers NOx emissions.[7] A paper compares water injection and emulsified fuels into diesel engines (marine and stationary engines) and discusses the emissions and mechanisms involved. It concludes that emulsified fuels are singularly effective in simultaneously reducing NOx and PM emissions.[8] Another paper has examined the effects of EGR and Emulsion Fuels.[9]

See also

References
  1. Jhalani, Amit; Sharma, Dilip; Soni, Shyam Lal; Sharma, Pushpendra Kumar; Sharma, Sumit (6 January 2019). "A comprehensive review on water-emulsified diesel fuel: chemistry, engine performance and exhaust emissions". Environmental Science and Pollution Research. 26 (5): 4570–4587. doi:10.1007/s11356-018-3958-y.
  2. Jhalani, Amit; Sharma, Dilip; Soni, Shyam Lal; Sharma, Pushpendra Kumar (22 September 2019). "Effects of process parameters on performance and emissions of a water-emulsified diesel-fueled compression ignition engine". Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects: 1–13. doi:10.1080/15567036.2019.1669739.
  3. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3F8edPltVc8
  4. http://files.sc.akzonobel.com/bulletins/Enhanced%20Oil%20Recovery-Tech-bulletin.pdf%5B%5D
  5. Jhalani, Amit; Sharma, Dilip; Soni, Shyamlal; Sharma, Pushpendra Kumar; Singh, Digambar. "Feasibility assessment of a newly prepared cow-urine emulsified diesel fuel for CI engine application". Fuel. doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119713.
  6. "गोमूत्र का कमाल: प्रदूषण नियंत्रण के साथ होगी डीजल की बचत" (E Paper). Rajasthan Patrika. 27 November 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2020.
  7. Canfield, C.A. (1999). Effects of Diesel-Water Emulsion Combustion on Diesel Engine NOx Emissions (M.S. thesis). State University System of Florida.
  8. W. Addy Majewski (2002). "Water in Diesel Combustion".
  9. Bertola, A.; Li, R.; Boulouchos, K. (2003). "Influence of Water-in-Diesel Emulsions and EGR on Combustion and Exhaust Emissions of Heavy Duty DI-Diesel Engines equipped with Common-Rail Injector System". SAE Technical Paper. doi:10.4271/2003-01-3146. JSTOR 44742443. 2003-01-3146.
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