Endozoicomonas gorgoniicola

Endozoicomonas gorgoniicola is a Gram-negative and facultative anaerobic bacterium from the genus of Endozoicomonas. Individual cells are motile and rod-shaped.[2][3] Bacteria in this genus are symbionts of coral.[2] E. gorgoniicola live specifically with soft coral (family Gorgoniidae) and were originally isolated from a species of Plexaura, an octocoral,[1] off the coast of Bimini in the Bahamas. The presence of this bacterium in a coral microbiome is associated with coral health.[4][5]

Endozoicomonas gorgoniicola
Scientific classification
Domain:
Bacteria
Phylum:
Proteobacteria
Class:
Gammaproteobacteria
Order:
Oceanospirillales
Family:
Hahellaceae
Genus:
Endozoicomonas
Species:
E. gorgoniicola
Binomial name
Endozoicomonas gorgoniicola
Pike, Haltli, and Kerr 2013[1]
Type strain
PS125

Morphology
Black sea rod Plexaura homomalla (4675579531)

E. gorgoniicola is a gram-negative cell, characterized by the outer and inner membranes that enclose a thin layer of peptidoglycan.[6] Cells are typically rod-shaped, and are about 1.7-2.5μm long (average 2.0μm) and 0.4-0.9μm in diameter (average 0.7μm).[1][2] E. gorgoniicola possess flagella that allow for motility. When the bacterium is plated on marine agar, colonies form creamy white circles 0.5-1mm in diameter.[1]

Habitat

As with most microorganisms, E. gorgoniicola inhabits microhabitats along small scale abiotic gradients within a larger organism. This species is found in species of in the genus Plexaura, a rod shaped soft coral. Many Endozoicomonas species are found in multiple coral hosts, but E. gorgoniicola has only been isolated in Plexaura. Coral-associated bacteria inhabit the exoskeleton, in the tissues, and in mucus that covers the surface of coral polyps.[7][8][4] The mucus layer is a unique and important feature of coral; it protects the polyp from unwanted pathogens and nutrients. Most of the anti-pathogenic properties of mucus come from bacteria, including Endozoicomonas species.[1] The internal microhabitats of coral are also inhabited by endosymbiotic microalgal dinoflagellates in the family Symbiodiniaceae. Bacteria and these microalgal cells are harbored in the gastrodermis and form a symbiotic relationship by recycling nutrients.[4][7]

Metabolism

General

In the ocean, E. gorgoniicola can grow at a range of temperatures anywhere from 15-30°C. Cells will grow, albeit slowly, at salt concentrations above 4% and below 1%. As an endosymbiotic organism, E. gorgoniicola utilizes nutrients that the associated microalgal dinoflagellates produce from photosynthesis. E. gorgoniicola can use the photosynthate as an energy source, but more importantly, bacteria break down secondary compounds that the coral and microalgae produce as waste, such as dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP).[1] Without this symbiosis, toxic waste products would build up within the polyp.

Culture growth

Optimum growth of E. gorgoniicola occurs at 22-30 °C and pH 8.0. The salt content must be 2-3% NaCl,[1] which is slightly lower than ocean salinity - seawater is generally 3.5% NaCl, or 35 parts per thousand.[9] Growth occurs on marine agar 2216. In culture, E. gorgoniicola utilizes sugars such as lactose, maltose, D-mannose, and glycerol as a carbon source anaerobic respiration. It is a facultative aerobic organism and can switch to fermentation when oxygen is absent.[1] These bacteria are not able to reduce nitrate, which is a function crucial to coral health; however, E. gorgoniicola contribute to the symbiosis through sulfate reduction.

Genetics

The 16S rRNA regions of DNA from pure E. gorgoniicola colonies were sequenced and found to be novel strains of Endozoicomonas. DNA can be extracted from this species using the eubacterial 16S rRNA gene primers 27F (5'-AGAGTTTGATCCTGGCTCAG-3') and 1525R (5'AAGGAGGTGATCCAGCC-3'). It is closely related to the previously named E. elysicola, as well as E. montiporae and E. numazuensis. All are isolated from gorgonian (soft) corals.[1] As of 2018, 1556 base pairs of rRNA have been sequenced from the E. gorgoniicola genome.[10] The related species E. montiporae has a genome of about 5.4 million base pairs,[11] and functions similarly to E. gorgoniicola, suggesting they may have a similar sized genome.

References
  1. Pike, Rebecca E.; Halti, Brad; Kerr, Russell G. (2013). "Description of Endozoicomonas euniceicola sp. nov. and Endozoicomonas gorgoniicola sp. nov., bacteria isolated from the octocorals Eunicea fusca and Plexaura sp., and an emended description of the genus Endozoicomonas". International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology. 63 (Pt 11): 4294–302. doi:10.1099/ijs.0.051490-0. PMID 23832969.
  2. "JGI GOLD | Organism Metadata". gold.jgi.doe.gov.
  3. Podstawka, Adam. "Endozoicomonas gorgoniicola PS125 | Type strain | NCCB100438, CECT8353 | BacDiveID:134024". bacdive.dsmz.de.
  4. Bourne, David G.; Morrow, Kathleen M.; Webster, Nicole S. (2016). "Insights into the Coral Microbiome: Underpinning the Health and Resilience of Reef Ecosystems". Annual Review of Microbiology. 70 (1): 317–340. doi:10.1146/annurev-micro-102215-095440. PMID 27482741.
  5. Vezzulli, Luigi; Pezzati, Elisabetta; Huete-Stauffer, Carla; Pruzzo, Carla; Cerrano, Carlo (26 June 2013). "16SrDNA Pyrosequencing of the Mediterranean Gorgonian Paramuricea clavata Reveals a Link among Alterations in Bacterial Holobiont Members, Anthropogenic Influence and Disease Outbreaks". PLOS ONE. 8 (6): e67745. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...867745V. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0067745. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3694090. PMID 23840768.
  6. Brown, Lisa; Wolf, Julie M.; Prados-Rosales, Rafael; Casadevall, Arturo (1 September 2015). "Through the wall: extracellular vesicles in Gram-positive bacteria, mycobacteria and fungi". Nature Reviews Microbiology. 13 (10): 620–630. doi:10.1038/nrmicro3480. PMC 4860279. PMID 26324094.
  7. Rosenberg, Eugene; Koren, Omry; Reshef, Leah; Efrony, Rotem; Zilber-Rosenberg, Ilana (May 2007). "The role of microorganisms in coral health, disease and evolution". Nature Reviews. 5 (5): 355–362. doi:10.1038/nrmicro1635. PMID 17384666. S2CID 2967190.
  8. Ainsworth, Tracy D.; Thurber, Rebecca Vega (2010). "The future of coral reefs: a microbial perspective". Trends in Ecology & Evolution. 25 (4): 233–240. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2009.11.001. PMID 20006405.
  9. SMOS. "Sensing salinity". European Space Agency.
  10. "Endozoicomonas gorgoniicola - NCBI". www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
  11. Ding, Jiun-Yan; Shiu, Jia-Ho; Chen, Wen-Ming; Chiang, Yin-Ru; Tang, Sen-Lin (8 March 2016). "Genomic Insight into the Host–Endosymbiont Relationship of Endozoicomonas montiporae CL-33T with its Coral Host". Frontiers in Microbiology. 7: 251. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00251. PMC 4781883. PMID 27014194.

Further reading


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