Eradication of lymphatic filariasis

The eradication of lymphatic filariasis is the ongoing attempt to eradicate the Filarioidea worms which cause the disease lymphatic filariasis and also treat the people who already have the infection.

In 1998, various countries established the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis as a project of the World Health Organization.[1] This international effort had the goal of having eradication programs in every country to eliminate the disease globally.[1]

Eradication plan

The disease spreads when a mosquito transfers a worm parasite through mosquito bite.[2] In various regions the species of worm and mosquito can vary.[2] The prevention and treatment plans differ according to whatever is effective against the species in a given region.[2]

The creation of maps and planning of local monitoring systems has been an essential part of all regional eradication plans.[3]

By region

In the 1970s there was an eradication experiment in French Polynesia.[4] Samoa and Fiji did experiments in the early 1990s.[4] These practical experiments in eradication became models for LF eradication for the rest of the world to use.[4]

A 2018 update for Madagascar reported that many people still tested positive for parasite.[5]

China participated in the program and became LF free in 2007.[6] Prior to that, the disease had been in China since ancient times.[6] In the 1980s China had 30 million people with the disease.[6]

As of 2016 various countries in South East Asia were at different phases in their national elimination programs.[7] Bangladesh, Thailand, Maldives, and Sri Lanka all ended their mass drug administration programs due to success in elimination. India, Indonesia, East Timor, Nepal, and Myanmar are actively doing mass drug administration.[7]

Thailand took a baseline survey of LF in 2001.[8] From 2002-2011 the country did MDA.[8] In September 2017, the World Health Organization declared Thailand to be free of LF.[8]

Tonga did MDA from 2001-2006. The World Health Organization declared the country free of LF in 2017.[9]

References
  1. Addiss, DG (2005). "Global elimination of lymphatic filariasis: origins, progress and challenges". Indian Journal of Urology. 21 (1): 12. doi:10.4103/0970-1591.19544.
  2. Erickson, Sara M.; Thomsen, Edward K.; Keven, John B.; Vincent, Naomi; Koimbu, Gussy; Siba, Peter M.; Christensen, Bruce M.; Reimer, Lisa J.; Valenzuela, Jesus G. (12 September 2013). "Mosquito-Parasite Interactions Can Shape Filariasis Transmission Dynamics and Impact Elimination Programs". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 7 (9): e2433. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0002433. PMC 3772046. PMID 24069488.
  3. Srividya, A; Subramanian, S; Jambulingam, P; Vijayakumar, B; Dinesh Raja, J (2019). "Mapping and monitoring for a lymphatic filariasis elimination program: a systematic review". Research and Reports in Tropical Medicine. 10: 43–90. doi:10.2147/RRTM.S134186. PMC 6554002. PMID 31239804.
  4. Kimura, E (March 2011). "The Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis: History and achievements with special reference to annual single-dose treatment with diethylcarbamazine in Samoa and Fiji". Tropical Medicine and Health. 39 (1): 17–30. doi:10.2149/tmh.2010-18. PMC 3191775. PMID 22028608.
  5. Garchitorena, Andres; Raza-Fanomezanjanahary, Estelle M.; Mioramalala, Sedera A.; Chesnais, Cédric B.; Ratsimbasoa, Claude A.; Ramarosata, Herinirina; Bonds, Matthew H.; Rabenantoandro, Holivololona; Fischer, Peter U. (17 September 2018). "Towards elimination of lymphatic filariasis in southeastern Madagascar: Successes and challenges for interrupting transmission". PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 12 (9): e0006780. doi:10.1371/journal.pntd.0006780. PMC 6160210. PMID 30222758.
  6. Fang, Yuan; Zhang, Yi (7 August 2019). "Lessons from lymphatic filariasis elimination and the challenges of post-elimination surveillance in China". Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 8 (1): 66. doi:10.1186/s40249-019-0578-9. PMC 6685173. PMID 31387644.
  7. Specht, Sabine; Suma, T K; Pedrique, Belen; Hoerauf, Achim (22 January 2019). "Elimination of lymphatic filariasis in South East Asia". BMJ. 364: k5198. doi:10.1136/bmj.k5198. PMC 6340355. PMID 30670373.
  8. Rojanapanus, S; Toothong, T; Boondej, P; Thammapalo, S; Khuanyoung, N; Santabutr, W; Prempree, P; Gopinath, D; Ramaiah, KD (27 May 2019). "How Thailand eliminated lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem". Infectious Diseases of Poverty. 8 (1): 38. doi:10.1186/s40249-019-0549-1. PMC 6535972. PMID 31130143.
  9. Ofanoa, R; Ofa, T; Padmasiri, EA; Kapa, DR (2019). "Elimination of lymphatic filariasis as a public health problem from Tonga". Tropical Medicine and Health. 47: 43. doi:10.1186/s41182-019-0169-2. PMC 6632206. PMID 31346312.

Further reading
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