Este culture

The Este culture or Atestine culture was an Iron Age archaeological culture existing from the late Italian Bronze Age (10th-9th century BC, proto-venetic phase) to the Roman period (1st century BC). It was located in the present territory of Veneto in Italy and derived from the earlier and more extensive Proto-Villanovan culture.[1] It is also called "civilization of situlas", or paleo-venetic.

Situation of the Este culture to the south of the Hallstatt culture.

The culture is named after a proto-urban settlement in the Po Valley (Northern Italy). The city of Este was originally situated on the river Adige, which changed its course in 5th century; it was a center of metalworking. The settlement evolved in the beginning of the 1st century BC at the cross-way of important traffic routes. Essentially only the cremation cemeteries with their rich burial goods remained.

Situla of Vače, Slovenia

Este culture existed next to the Villanovan Culture in the Bologna area and the Golasecca culture in the West of the Po Valley. It was influenced by the urnfield culture parallel to the Hallstatt period.[2] Este had artistic and technical influence on the Hallstatt region to the south and Etruscan-Grecian elements to the north. Este was the center of the so-called situlae art.[3] In particular, the situla decorated with animals and ribbons of human figures are characteristic of this culture. The most significant of these is the Benvenuti-Situla (600 BC).[4]

The evolution of the bronze foil works can be traced to the end of the 4th century BC. Este culture survived the invasion of the Celts and their successors, the Veneti, until it was absorbed into the Roman Empire.[3]

Several archaeological discoveries provide evidence that Este was an important centre of Venetic culture from the 7th to the 4th century BC. They had a large shrine to the god or goddess Reitia and a school for scribes. Archaeologists found next to small bronze statues, tools, vases and money, some 200 inscriptions in the Venetic script and the so-called Alphabet Tablets.[2]

Four historical phases are distinguished: Este I (from 900-750 BC); Este II (from 750-575 BC), which has an individual character; Este III (from 575-350 BC), the climax corresponding to Certosa; and Este IV (from 350-182 BC), showing Celtic influences.[3]

The Este culture is referred to as the precursor of the Veneti (ital. Paleoveneti). The Veneti formed a buffer between the Illyrians, whose tribal area was located in the Balkans to the East of Trieste, and the Celts in the Po Valley. The Este had their own language and culture which became increasingly influenced by the Greek culture. The Veneti continued the tradition of the Este culture after the latter's disappearance.[5]