Extended Cold Weather Clothing System
The Extended Cold Weather Clothing System (ECWCS /ˈɛkwæks/) is a protective clothing system developed in the 1980s by the United States Army Natick Soldier Research, Development and Engineering Center, Natick, Massachusetts. The first generation ECWCS consisted of parka and trousers plus 20 other individual clothing, handwear, headwear and footwear items which are used in various combinations to meet the cold weather environmental requirements of the US military (and others). The Gen III ECWCS is designed to maintain adequate environmental protection in temperatures ranging between -60 and +40 Fahrenheit (about -51 and +4 Celsius)
1st Generation
The entire ECWCS ensemble (1st generation) consists of:
- undershirt, cold weather, polypropylene
- [drawers], cold weather, polypropylene
- shirt, cold weather, polyester fiberpile
- overall, bib, cold weather, fiberpile
- liner, cold weather trousers, field
- liner, cold weather, coat, men's
- trousers, cold weather, field, nylon and cotton
- parka, extended cold weather, camouflage
- trousers, extended cold weather, camouflage
- parka/trousers, snow camouflage, white
- glove inserts, cold weather
- gloves, men's and women's, light duty
- mitten inserts, cold weather, (trigger finger)
- mitten shells, cold weather, (trigger finger)
- mitten set, extreme cold weather
- mitten shells, snow camouflage, cotton, white, two finger
- cap, camouflage pattern
- hood, balaclava
- socks, men's, nylon, cushion sole, stretch type
- boots, cold weather (Type I-black)
- boots, extreme cold weather (Type II-white)
- suspenders, trousers, M-1950
The system is to be used in an insulated, triple-layering fashion, with the polypropylene undergarments as Layer 1, the polyester shirt/bib, liners and cotton/nylon trousers as Layer 2, and Gore-Tex outer garments as Layer 3.
The parka and trousers (which have been adapted to the civilian outdoor clothing market) are themselves constructed in a three-layer fashion consisting of an outer layer of abrasion-resistant taslan nylon, an intermediate layer of durably waterproof, windproof, and Gore-Tex membrane (protected with a layer of nylon tricot and originally in a four-color camouflage print), and a hung inner layer of unlaminated nylon. The whole is seam-sealed.
The ECWCS parka
The parka – which is a particularly popular component – is characterized by a cobra hood (which fits over a combat helmet) with woven nylon drawstring adjustable pulls and an attachment piece that allows fastening of a fur ruff (early models of the parka lacked this attachment piece). There is a two-way, full-front slide fastener to provide full-face protection, leaving only the eyes uncovered. The parka has Raglan shoulders/sleeves, a non-freezing, double-pull zipper with storm flap and seven snap closure, a flap-covered pocket on the left sleeve with hook and loop (Velcro) closure, adjustable hook and loop wrist cuffs, armpit ventilation zippers and double reinforced elbows. A badge/insignia tab with snap is located on the storm flap. There is an interior back ventilation opening, two slash (handwarmer) cargo pockets on the lower front (with extra large flaps and double hook and loop single snap closure on each) and an inside draft skirt (windskirt) with elastic drawcords and barrel-locks at the waist (without pulls). There are also two concealed map pockets at the front zipper with hook and loop closures that can be opened without unzipping the parka.
Unfortunately, due to the limitations of "waterproof-breathable" fabric, the parka did not breathe well in field use by active troops.
2nd Generation
The second generation (2G) ECWCS included two different layers made with Polartec fabrics: the Polartec Classic 300 shirt and the Polartec Classic 200 overalls. When used in combination with other layers in the ECWCS system, the system provides protection between +40 °F and −40 °F (+4 °C and −40 °C). The parka was improved by vents to help deal with the condensation problems resulting from the use of "waterproof-breathable" fabric.
A lightweight underwear set was also introduced to combine with or substitute the polypro undergarments.
3rd Generation
The third generation 3G or GEN III Extended Climate Warfighter Clothing System is a radical re-design of the system. It features seven new layers of insulation including three Polartec fabrics: two layers of Polartec Power Dry and a layer of Polartec Thermal Pro High Loft. It has also featured PrimaLoft® Silver Insulation USA in the extreme cold weather parka and trousers. The 12 components of the GEN III ECWCS include:
- lightweight undershirt and drawers
- midweight shirt and drawers
- fleece cold weather jacket
- wind cold weather jacket
- soft shell jacket and trousers
- extreme cold/wet weather jacket and trousers
- extreme cold weather parka and trousers
Initial fielding of the system began in August 2007 to the 73rd Cavalry Regiment in Afghanistan.[1] The water-resistant "soft shell" is far more breathable than any "waterproof-breathable" garment and is used for most field applications, back-stopped by a waterproof nylon parka.