Ferritic stainless steel

Ferritic stainless steel [1][2] forms one of the four stainless steel families, the other three being austenitic, martensitic and duplex stainless steels

History

Ferritic stainless steels were discovered early but it was only in the 1980s that the conditions were met for their growth:

  • It was possible to obtain very low carbon levels at the steelmaking stage.
  • Weldable grades were developed.
  • Themomechanical processing solved the problems of "roping" and "ridging" that led to inhomogenous deformation during deep drawing and to textured surfaces.
  • End-user markets (such as that of domestic appliances) demanded less expensive grades with a more stable price at a time when there were large variations of the price of nickel.[3] Ferritic stainless steel grades became attractive for some applications such as houseware.[4]

Metallurgy
Fe - Cr Phase diagram

To qualify as stainless steel, Fe-base alloys must contain at least 10.5%Cr.

The Iron-Chromium phase diagram shows that up to about 13%Cr, the steel undergoes successive transformations upon cooling from the liquid phase from ferritic α phase to austenitic γ phase and back to α. When some carbon is present, and if cooling occurs quickly, some of the austenite will transform into martensite.Tempering/annealing will transform the martensitic structure into ferrite and carbides.

Above about 17%Cr the steel will have a ferritic structure at all temperatures.

Above 25%Cr the Sigma phase may appear for relatively long times at temperature and induce room temperature embrittlement.

Chemical compositions of a few grades (main alloying elements)
Chemical compositions (Balance: Fe)
AISI / ASTM EN Weight %
Cr Other elements
405 1.4000 12.0 - 14.0 -
409L 1.4512 10.5 - 12.5 6(C+N)<Ti<0.65
410L 1.4003 10.5 - 12.5 0.3<Ni<1.0
430 1.4016 16.0 - 18.0 -
439 1.4510 16.0 - 18.0 0.15+4(C+N)<Ti<0.8
430Ti 1.4511 16.0 -18.0 Ti: 0.6
441 1.4509 17.5 - 18.5 0.1<Ti<0.6

0.3+3C<Nb<1.0

434 1.4113 16.0 - 18.0 0.9<Mo<1.4
436 1.4513 16.0 - 18.0 0.9<Mo<1.4

0.3<Ti<0.6

444 1.4521 17.0 - 20.0 1.8<Mo<2.5

0.15+4(C+N)<Ti+Nb<0.8

447 1.4592 28 - 30.0 3.5<Mo<4.5

0.15+4(C+N)<Ti<0.8

Corrosion resistance

The pitting corrosion resistance of stainless steels is estimated by the pitting resistance equivalent number (PREN).

PREN = %Cr + 3.3%Mo + 16%N where the terms correspond to the contents by weight % of chromium, molybdenum and nitrogen respectively in the steel.

Nickel has no role in the pitting corrosion resistance, so ferritic stainless steels can be as resistant to this form of corrosion as austentitc grades.

In addition, ferritic grades are very resistant to stress corrosion cracking (SCC).

Physical properties

Ferritic stainless steels are magnetic

Physical properties of the most common ferritic stainless steels
AISI / ASTM Density

g/cm3

 Electrical

Resistance

μΩ.m

 Thermal

Conductivity at 20 °C

W/(m.°K)

 Specific Heat

0 - 100 °C

J/(Kg.°K)

Themal expansion

0 - 600 °C

10−6/°K

 Young's Modulus

GPa

409 / 410 7.7 0.58 25 460 12 220
430 7.7 0.60 25 460 11.5 220
430Ti / 439 / 441 7.7 0.60 25 460 11.5 220
434 / 436 / 444 7.7 0.60 23 460 11.5 220
447 7.7 0.62 17 460 11 220

Compared to austenitic stainless steels, they offer a better thermal conductivity, a plus for applications such as heat exchangers

The thermal expansion coefficient, close to that of carbon steel, facilitates the welding to carbon steels

Mechanical properties
Mechanical properties (Cold Rolled)
ASTM A240 EN 10088-2
UTS

MPa, min

 0.2% Yield

Stress

MPa, min

 Elongation

%, min

 UTS

MPa

 0.2% Yield

Stress

MPa, min

 Elongation

%, min

409 390 170 20 1.4512 380 - 560 220 25
410 415 205 20 1.4003 450 - 650 320 20
430 450 205 22 1.4016 450 - 600 280 18
439 415 205 22 1.4510 420 - 600 240 23
441 415 205 22 1.4509 430 - 630 250 18
434 450 240 22 1.4113 450 - 630 280 18
436 450 240 22 1.4526 480 -560 300 25
444 415 275 20 1.4521 420 - 640 320 20

Applications
  • Lower-cost or recent-production kitchenware
  • White goods
  • Solar heaters
  • Slate hooks
  • Coins

References
  1. P Lacombe, B Baroux G Beranger editors (1990). Les Aciers Inoxydables. Les éditions de Physique. pp. Chaoters 14 and 15. ISBN 2-86883-142-7.
  2. "The ferritic Solution". 2007. ISBN 2-930069-51-1.
  3. Charles, J.; Mithieux, J.D.; Santacreu, P.; Peguet, L. (2009). "The ferritic family: The appropriété answer to nickel volatility?". Revue de métallurgie. 106: 124–139.
  4. Ronchi, Gaetano (2012). "Stainless Steel for House-ware". Metal Bulletin.
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