First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups

The First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups (Spanish: Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre, GRAPO) was a Spanish clandestine Marxist–Leninist group aiming for the formation of a Spanish Republican state.

First of October Anti-Fascist Resistance Groups
Grupos de Resistencia Antifascista Primero de Octubre (GRAPO)
MotivesThe creation of a Socialist republic in Spain
Active regionsSpain
IdeologyMarxism–Leninism
Anti-revisionism
Republicanism
Anti-imperialism
StatusInactive
GRAPO main logo

Besides its anti-capitalism, it is anti-imperialist, being strongly opposed to Spain's NATO membership.[1]

To date, the latest violent action inflicted by GRAPO dates from 2006. After having been fairly active in the late 1970s and early 1980s, currently the dwindling number of its militants, lack of any social support and police action has allowed Spanish officials to claim a number of times to have disbanded the GRAPO after the few remaining militants of the band were captured.[2] According to the Spanish police, GRAPO was disbanded after six of its militants were arrested in June 2007[3] but, formally, the group has not announced its dissolution.[4]

GRAPO is included in the European Union list of terrorist persons and organisations.[5]

History

GRAPO has its origins in the Organisation of Marxist–Leninists of Spain (OMLE), which dissolved itself in its first congress in 1975. At the beginning of 1976, two months after General Francisco Franco's death, during the Spanish transition to democracy from dictatorship, the Communist Party of Spain (Reconstituted) (PCE-r) began a struggle against the political reforms. The PCE(r) restructured itself into different commissions; one of these was a "front against fascism", founded by Juan Carlos Delgado de Codex, which became the GRAPO.[6]

This newly-born movement was named after the killing of four Spanish policemen on October 1, 1975, the first violent action of the PCE(r). The "Antifascist Resistance Groups October First" (GRAPO) took this date as a starting point as a terrorist organization. Only two months later, after five PCE(r) supporters were killed by the Spanish police during demonstrations in Vitoria-Gasteiz, the PCE(r) told its sympathizers to take up arms and create the nucleus of a future Spanish "Red Army" which would be directed by a central command. A number of explosive devices were detonated in different locations in Spain on July 18, 1976 and GRAPO claimed responsibility for the coordinated explosions in the press, becoming well-known overnight.[7]

After the high-profile kidnapping of wealthy politician Antonio María de Oriol y Urquijo in 1976 and General Villaescusa in 1977, as well as the killing of more Spanish policemen, GRAPO became established as a terrorist group, in a similar manner as Revolutionary Antifascist Patriotic Front (FRAP) had been in Francoist Spain.

Even though GRAPO increased its activity from 1979 onwards, it failed to reach its goals and the sympathy the group had in left-wing circles waned during the 1980s. The transitional democratic regime was not destabilized and GRAPO did not appear to the Spanish public as a "heroic" communist group.[6]

In 1984 the Spanish authorities issued an anti-terrorist law inspired by the Italian model which facilitated the operations of the police against GRAPO and many arrests followed. GRAPO reacted simplifying its structure while "waiting for better times". It continued its clandestine activities at a lower level by means of mobile militants, which easily formed and easily split up, becoming difficult to detect.[8]

As years passed by police intervention allowed serious blows to GRAPO's structure. Currently the group is basically inactive, yet not formally self-dissolved.[9]

Summary of GRAPO's activity

GRAPO has a low level of popular support and the group has been said to be "killing as a means of surviving".[10] Since its inception in 1975 to 2007 it has assassinated 84 people, including police, military personnel, judges and civilians, either by means of bombings or shootings. Given GRAPO's precarious finances, a number of its militants have been killed during a bank robbery. The group has also committed a number of kidnappings, initially for political reasons, later on, mainly for extortion. Its last attack was committed in 2006, when GRAPO militants shot dead Ana Isabel Herrero, the owner of a temporary work agency in Zaragoza.[11]

GRAPO's leader Manuel Pérez 'Arenas' was sentenced in a French court in the year 2000 for criminal conspiracy with terrorist intent. Spain issued a request seeking his immediate extradition from France. To date GRAPO has not publicly named his successor.

Notable members

Spanish Paralympian Sebastián Rodríguez was a member of GRAPO .[12]

Censorship

In October 2011, Spanish hip hop artist Pablo Hasel was arrested for "condoning terrorism" after he saluted one of GRAPO's then imprisoned members in a music video. He was later released but the charges remained.[13]

In February 2014, a Twitter user was convicted for expressing praise for GRAPO.[14][15]

References
  1. Alessandro Seregni, El Anti-Americanismo Español
  2. Mundinteractivos. "La Guardia Civil desarticula en Cataluña el último comando operativo de los GRAPO". Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  3. País, Ediciones El (6 June 2007). "Desarticulado el último 'comando' operativo de los GRAPO con la detención de seis personas en Barcelona". Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  4. 20Minutos. "¿Pero los Grapo no habían desaparecido?". 20minutos.es - Últimas Noticias. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  5. Posición Común 2004/309/PESC del Consejo Archived 2006-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, de 2 de abril de 2004, por la que se actualiza la Posición Común 2001/931/PESC sobre la aplicación de medidas específicas de lucha contra el terrorismo y se deroga la Posición Común 2003/906/PESC.- Diario Oficial n° L 099 de 03/04/2004 p. 0061 - 0064.
  6. Junta de Castilla y Leon. El FRAP y el GRAPO en España
  7. "Los GRAPO, terroristas germinados en los años 60 - españa - elmundo.es". Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  8. Ediciones El País. "La ley antiterrorista, un estado de excepción encubierto". EL PAÍS. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  9. "Dudley Knox Library - Naval Postgraduate School". Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  10. País, Ediciones El (26 February 2006). "Reportaje - El GRAPO mata para sobrevivir". Retrieved 26 November 2016.
  11. "Libertad Digital: El último grupo de los GRAPO tenía previsto volver a atentar". Archived from the original on 26 December 2011. Retrieved 11 February 2015.
  12. Rosario Gabino (8 September 2012). "Spanish swimmer Sebastian Rodriguez triumphs over dark past". BBC Sport.
  13. "Rapper Pablo Hasel arrested for apology of terrorism". Firat News Agency. 5 October 2011. Retrieved 2 July 2018.
  14. "One-year prison sentence for 21-year-old Twitter user who glorified terrorists". El País. 4 February 2014. Retrieved 4 February 2014.
  15. Minder, Raphael (22 February 2014). "In a First for Spain, a Woman Is Convicted of Inciting Terror Over Twitter". The New York Times.
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.