Flipped SO(10)

In conventional SO(10) models, the fermions lie in three spinorial 16 representations, one for each generation, which decomposes under [SU(5) × U(1)_χ]/Z₅ as

${\displaystyle 16\rightarrow 10_{1}\oplus {\bar {5}}_{-3}\oplus 1_{5}}$

This can either be the Georgi–Glashow SU(5) or flipped SU(5).

In flipped SO(10) models, however, the gauge group is not just SO(10) but SO(10)_F × U(1)_B or [SO(10)_F × U(1)_B]/Z₄. The fermion fields are now three copies of

${\displaystyle 16_{1}\oplus 10_{-2}\oplus 1_{4}}$

These contain the Standard Model fermions as well as additional vector fermions with GUT scale masses. If we suppose [SU(5) × U(1)_χ]/Z₅ is a subgroup of SO(10)_F, then we have the intermediate scale symmetry breaking [SO(10)_F × U(1)_B]/Z₅ → [SU(5) × U(1)_χ]/Z₅ where

${\displaystyle \chi =-{A \over 4}+{5B \over 4}}$

In that case,

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}16_{1}&\rightarrow 10_{1}\oplus {\bar {5}}_{2}\oplus 1_{0}\\10_{-2}&\rightarrow 5_{-2}\oplus {\bar {5}}_{-3}\\1_{4}&\rightarrow 1_{5}\end{aligned}}}$

note that the Standard Model fermion fields (including the right handed neutrinos) come from all three [SO(10)_F × U(1)_B]/Z₅ representations. In particular, they happen to be the 10₁ of 16₁, the ${\displaystyle {\bar {5}}_{-3}}$ of 10₋₂ and the 1₅ of 1₄ (my apologies for mixing up SO(10) × U(1) notation with SU(5) × U(1) notation, but it would be really cumbersome if we have to spell out which group any given notation happens to refer to. It is left up to the reader to determine the group from the context. This is a standard practice in the GUT model building literature anyway).

The other remaining fermions are vectorlike. To see this, note that with a 16_1H and a ${\displaystyle {\overline {16}}_{-1H}}$ Higgs field, we can have VEVs which breaks the GUT group down to [SU(5) × U(1)_χ]/Z₄. The Yukawa coupling 16_1H 16₁ 10₋₂ will pair up the 5₋₂ and ${\displaystyle {\bar {5}}_{2}}$ fermions. And we can always introduce a sterile neutrino φ which is invariant under [SO(10) × U(1)_B]/Z₄ and add the Yukawa coupling

${\displaystyle <{\overline {16}}_{-1H}>16_{1}\phi }$

OR we can add the nonrenormalizable term

${\displaystyle <{\overline {16}}_{-1H}><{\overline {16}}_{-1H}>16_{1}16_{1}}$

Either way, the 1₀ component of the fermion 16₁ gets taken care of so that it is no longer chiral.

It has been left unspecified so far whether [SU(5) × U(1)_χ]/Z₅ is the Georgi–Glashow SU(5) or the flipped SU(5). This is because both alternatives lead to reasonable GUT models.

One reason for studying flipped SO(10) is because it can be derived from an E₆ GUT model.

• Nobuhiro Maekawa, Toshifumi Yamashita, "Flipped SO(10) model", 2003
• K. Tamvakis, "Flipped SO(10)", 1988