Folate receptor 1

Folate receptor 1 (Folate receptor alpha, FOLR1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by the FOLR1 gene.[5][6]

FOLR1
Available structures
PDBOrtholog search: PDBe RCSB
Identifiers
AliasesFOLR1, FBP, FOLR, Folate receptor 1, folate receptor 1 (adult), folate receptor alpha, FRalpha
External IDsOMIM: 136430 MGI: 95568 HomoloGene: 7322 GeneCards: FOLR1
Gene location (Human)
Chr.Chromosome 11 (human)[1]
Band11q13.4Start72,189,558 bp[1]
End72,196,323 bp[1]
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
SpeciesHumanMouse
Entrez

2348

14275

Ensembl

ENSG00000110195

ENSMUSG00000001827

UniProt

P15328

P35846

RefSeq (mRNA)

NM_016730
NM_000802
NM_016724
NM_016725
NM_016729

NM_001252552
NM_001252553
NM_001252554
NM_008034

RefSeq (protein)

NP_000793
NP_057936
NP_057937
NP_057941

NP_001239481
NP_001239482
NP_001239483
NP_032060

Location (UCSC)Chr 11: 72.19 – 72.2 MbChr 7: 101.86 – 101.87 Mb
PubMed search[3][4]
Wikidata
View/Edit HumanView/Edit Mouse

The protein encoded by this gene is a member of the folate receptor (FOLR) family. Members of this family have a high affinity for folic acid and for several reduced folic acid derivatives, and mediate delivery of 5-methyltetrahydrofolate to the interior of cells.

This gene is composed of 7 exons; exons 1 through 4 encode the 5' UTR and exons 4 through 7 encode the open reading frame. Due to the presence of 2 promoters, multiple transcription start sites, and alternative splicing of exons, several transcript variants are derived from this gene. These variants differ in the lengths of 5' and 3' UTR, but they encode an identical amino acid sequence.[6]

Clinical significance

FRA can be overexpressed by a number of epithelial-derived tumors including ovarian, breast, renal, lung, colorectal, and brain. Hence antibodies to it are used in targeted therapies and diagnostic tests, e.g. farletuzumab in phase III trial for ovarian cancer.

Autoantibodies to the FRA have been linked to neurodevelopmental diseases,[7] particularly cerebral folate deficiency[8] schizophrenia[8] and autism spectrum disorder.[9] Recent studies have shown that these neurodevelopmental disorders can be treated with folinic acid.[9][10]

Figures

Crystallographic structure of FRα protein. The folate is in green, the folate binding site is colored in orange. A Cys66Tyr substitution position induced by a pathogenic variant is represented in red while the disulfide bond between Cys66 and Cys109 is in dark blue. Figure from Mafi et al., 2020[11]

See also

References

  1. GRCh38: Ensembl release 89: ENSG00000110195 - Ensembl, May 2017
  2. GRCm38: Ensembl release 89: ENSMUSG00000001827 - Ensembl, May 2017
  3. "Human PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  4. "Mouse PubMed Reference:". National Center for Biotechnology Information, U.S. National Library of Medicine.
  5. Campbell IG, Jones TA, Foulkes WD, Trowsdale J (October 1991). "Folate-binding protein is a marker for ovarian cancer". Cancer Research. 51 (19): 5329–38. PMID 1717147.
  6. "Entrez Gene: FOLR1 folate receptor 1 (adult)".
  7. Frye RE, Slattery JC, Quadros EV (August 2017). "Folate metabolism abnormalities in autism: potential biomarkers". Biomarkers in Medicine. 11 (8): 687–699. doi:10.2217/bmm-2017-0109. PMID 28770615.
  8. Ramaekers VT, Rothenberg SP, Sequeira JM, Opladen T, Blau N, Quadros EV, Selhub J (May 2005). "Autoantibodies to folate receptors in the cerebral folate deficiency syndrome". The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (19): 1985–91. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa043160. PMID 15888699.
  9. Frye RE, Sequeira JM, Quadros EV, James SJ, Rossignol DA (March 2013). "Cerebral folate receptor autoantibodies in autism spectrum disorder". Molecular Psychiatry. 18 (3): 369–81. doi:10.1038/mp.2011.175. PMC 3578948. PMID 22230883.
  10. Frye RE, Slattery J, Delhey L, Furgerson B, Strickland T, Tippett M, et al. (February 2018). "Folinic acid improves verbal communication in children with autism and language impairment: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial". Molecular Psychiatry. 23 (2): 247–256. doi:10.1038/mp.2016.168. PMC 5794882. PMID 27752075.
  11. Mafi S, Laroche-Raynaud C, Chazelas P, Lia AS, Derouault P, Sturtz F, Baaj Y, Froget R, Rio M, Benoist JF, Poumeaud F, Favreau F, Faye PA (October 2020). "Pharmacoresistant Epilepsy in Childhood: Think of the Cerebral Folate Deficiency, a Treatable Disease". Brain Sciences. 10 (11). doi:10.3390/brainsci10110762. PMID 33105619.

Further reading

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