Food dehydrator

A food dehydrator is a device that removes moisture from food to aid in its preservation. Food drying is a method of preserving fruit, vegetables and meats that has been practiced since antiquity.[1]

Tomato slices ready to be dried in a convection-type food dehydrator. In this model, multiple trays can be stacked on top of each other and warm air flows around the food.

Design
Electric food dehydrator with mango and papaya slices being dried.

Most modern food dehydrators are low-power convection ovens that uses heated air flow to reduce the water content of foods. The water content of food is usually very high, typically 80–95% for various fruits and vegetables and 50–75% for various meats. Removing moisture from food restrains various bacteria from growing and spoiling food. Further, removing moisture from food dramatically reduces the weight and often volume of the food, making it easier for storage. Thus, food dehydrators are used to preserve and extend the shelf life of various foods.[2]

Food dehydrators require heat sources such as solar energy, electric power or biofuel,[3] and vary in form from large-scale dehydration projects[4] to do-it-yourself projects or commercially sold appliances for domestic use. A commercial food dehydrator's basic parts usually consist of a heating element, an electric fan, air vents which allow for air circulation, and food trays to lay food upon. A dehydrator's heating element, fans and vents simultaneously work to direct hot air over the food, accelerate surface evaporation and warm the food causing moisture to be also released from its interior. This process continues until the food is dried to a substantially lower water content, usually less than 20%.

Most foods are dehydrated at 130 °F (54 °C), although meats being made into jerky should be dehydrated at a higher temperature of 155 °F (68 °C) — or preheated to that temperature — to guard against pathogens that may already be in the meat. The key to successful food dehydration is the application of a constant temperature and adequate air flow. Too high a temperature can cause hardened foods: food that is hard and dry on the outside but moist, and therefore vulnerable to spoiling, on the inside.

Variants

Solar food dehydrators

Solar food drying involves the use of a solar dryer designed and built specifically for this purpose. Solar drying is distinctly different from open-air "sun drying", a simple primitive technique that has been used for thousands of years. A good solar food dryer may dry food much faster than some air driers. Some solar driers can achieve higher food drying temperatures than some air driers. However, direct sun drying can chemically alter some foods making them less appetizing.[5]

Food drying is an excellent solar energy application since food drying primarily requires heat, and solar radiation is easily converted to heat. A clear or translucent glazing allows sunlight to enter an enclosed chamber where it is converted to heat when it strikes a dark interior surface. Airflow is typically achieved with natural convection (warm air rises). Adjustable venting allows regulation of airflow and temperature.

Solar food drying is effective and practical in most of the populated places of the world.[6] A general rule is that, if you can grow a successful vegetable garden, then there is enough solar energy to dry the food you produce (some overcast, northern maritime climates are the exception).

Some solar food dryer designs employ a separate solar collector to generate the heated air, which is then directed into a food chamber or cabinet. This type of solar food dehydrator is called an indirect solar dryer.[7][8][9] Other designs combine the collector and food cabinet and allow direct heating of food (these are called direct solar dryers).[10][11][12][13] It is said that the indirect dryers allow much better drying, but the downside is their larger size. Backup electric heating can be incorporated into some solar food dehydrators to provide an alternative heat source if the weather changes.

Solar food dehydrators are often cited as viable tools in the search for agricultural sustainability and food security.[14]

See also

References
  1. "Historical Origins of Food Preservation." University of Georgia, National Center for Home Food Preservation. Accessed June 2011.
  2. Village Bakery (2017-07-11). "Food Dehydrators". Village Bakery. Retrieved 2018-06-26.
  3. "Food dehydrator Techniques" (PDF). Sunbeam.com. Retrieved 17 October 2015.
  4. "Samuel Saraiva Project: Massive Food Dehydration to End World Hunger." The CBS Interactive Business Network. Accessed June 2011.
  5. Gunter., Heinz (2007). Meat processing technology for small-to medium-scale producers. Hautzinger, Peter. Bangkok: FAO Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific. ISBN 9789747946994. OCLC 696631139.
  6. Eben Fodor (2006). The Solar Food Dryer: How to Make and Use Your Own Low-Cost, High Performance, Sun-Powered Food Dehydrator. New Society Publishers. ISBN 978-0865715448.
  7. Appalachian Dryer, 1999
  8. Zerbe, Leah, [Want Summer Flavor to Last All Year? Use a Solar Food Dehydrator http://www.rodale.com/solar-food-dehydrator], Rodale Dryer, July 15, 2011
  9. "What's the Best Solar Food Dryer?". Root Simple.
  10. "Eco-Tips". Global Sustainable Solutions.
  11. Fodor's solar dryer, design 2
  12. North Dakota State University direct solar dryer
  13. The DuckMaster. "The RunnerDuck Dehydrator, step by step instructions". runnerduck.com.
  14. Scanlin, Dennis (Feb/March 1997). "The Design, Construction and Use of an Indirect, Through-Pass, Solar Food Dryer." Home Power magazine, Issue No. 57, pp. 62–72.
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